Mishneh Torah — Forbidden Foods (Ma'akhalot Asurot) הלכות מאכלות אסורות, Chapter 4

הָאוֹכֵל כְּזַיִת מִבְּשַׂר בְּהֵמָה שֶׁמֵּתָה אוֹ חַיָּה שֶׁמֵּתָה אוֹ עוֹף שֶׁמֵּת לוֹקֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יד כא) "לֹא תֹאכְלוּ כָל נְבֵלָה". וְכָל שֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁחֲטָה כָּרָאוּי הֲרֵי זוֹ מֵתָה. וּבְהִלְכוֹת הַשְּׁחִיטָה יִתְבָּאֵר הַשְּׁחִיטָה שֶׁהִיא כָּרָאוּי וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ כָּרָאוּי:

A person who partakes of an olive-sized portion of a domesticated animal, wild beast, or fowl which dies is liable for lashes, as [Deuteronomy 14:21] states: "Do not partake of any nevelah." (negative commandment 180) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 472) include this among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. All animals that were not slaughtered in the appropriate manner are considered as if they died. In the Laws of Shechitah, we will explain which types of slaughter are appropriate and which are not.

אֵין אָסוּר מִשּׁוּם נְבֵלָה אֶלָּא מִינִים טְהוֹרִים בִּלְבַד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן רְאוּיִין לִשְׁחִיטָה וְאִם נִשְׁחֲטוּ שְׁחִיטָה כְּשֵׁרָה יִהְיוּ מֻתָּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה. אֲבָל מִינִין טְמֵאִין שֶׁאֵין שְׁחִיטָה מוֹעֶלֶת בָּהֶן בֵּין שֶׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה כָּרָאוּי בֵּין שֶׁמֵּתָה כְּדַרְכָּהּ בֵּין שֶׁחָתַךְ בָּשָׂר מִן הַחַי מִמֶּנָּה וַאֲכָלוֹ אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה מִשּׁוּם נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם אוֹכֵל בְּשַׂר טְמֵאָה:

Only animals from kosher species are forbidden as a nevelah, for they are the species that are fit to be ritually slaughtered and if they are slaughtered in a kosher manner, it is permitted to partake of them. [When,] by contrast, one partakes of [meat from] a non-kosher species, [since] ritual slaughter is of no consequence with regard to them, whether they are slaughtered in a kosher manner, whether they died in a natural manner, or whether one cut meat from a living animal and ate it, one does not receive lashes for partaking of a nevelah or partaking of trefe meat, only because one ate the meat of a non-kosher animal. 100b, it would appear that the rationale for this ruling is the general principle: "One prohibition does not fall upon another prohibition." Since the meat is already prohibited because it is from a non-kosher species, the prohibition of nevela does not apply to it. The Rambam's wording, however, is slightly different and may be alluding to a slightly different rationale.

הָאוֹכֵל עוֹף טָהוֹר חַי כָּל שֶׁהוּא לוֹקֶה מִשּׁוּם אוֹכֵל נְבֵלָה וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ כְּזַיִת הוֹאִיל וַאֲכָלוֹ כֻּלּוֹ. וְאִם אֲכָלוֹ אַחַר שֶׁמֵּת עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בּוֹ כְּזַיִת. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בְּכֻלּוֹ בָּשָׂר כְּזַיִת הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ בְּכֻלּוֹ כְּזַיִת חַיָּב עָלָיו מִשּׁוּם נְבֵלָה:

When a person eats an [entire] kosher fowl of any size, he is liable for lashes for partaking of a nevelah, even though he ate less than an olive-sized portion. [The rationale is that] he consumed it in its entirety., Rav Moshe HaCohen) question why the Rambam states that the person is liable for eating a nevelah. Seemingly, the prohibition he transgresses is eating a limb from a living animal (see Chapter 5). The Meiri explains the Rambam's position, stating that an entire creature cannot be considered as "a limb." If he ate it after it died, it must be the size of an olive [for him to be liable].). While alive, the bird is considered as an entire forbidden entity, like a non-kosher species. After its death, that distinction does not apply. Even though it does not have an olive-sized portion of meat on it, since as a whole, it is the size of an olive, he is liable for [partaking of] a nevelah. 102b).

הָאוֹכֵל כְּזַיִת מִבְּשַׂר נֵפֶל בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה לוֹקֶה מִשּׁוּם אוֹכֵל נְבֵלָה. וְאָסוּר לֶאֱכל מִן הַבְּהֵמָה שֶׁנּוֹלְדָה עַד לֵיל שְׁמִינִי שֶׁכָּל שֶׁלֹּא שָׁהָה שְׁמוֹנָה יָמִים בִּבְהֵמָה הֲרֵי זֶה כְּנֵפֶל. וְאֵין לוֹקִין עָלָיו. וְאִם נוֹדַע לוֹ שֶׁכָּלוּ לוֹ חֳדָשָׁיו בַּבֶּטֶן וְאַחַר כָּךְ נוֹלַד שֶׁהֵן תִּשְׁעָה חֳדָשִׁים לִבְהֵמָה גַּסָּה וַחֲמִשָּׁה לְדַקָּה הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר בַּיּוֹם שֶׁנּוֹלַד:

When a person partakes of an olive-sized portion of a stillborn fetus of a kosher animal, he is liable for lashes for partaking of a nevelah.It is forbidden to partake of a newborn animal until the night of the eighth day [of its life]. 136a) spoke of the eighth day of an animal's life, their intent was the beginning of the eighth day (Maggid Mishneh). For whenever an animal has not lived for eight days, we consider it as stillborn, but lashes are not administered [for partaking] of it.). [Moreover,] if it is known that the animal was born after a full term period of gestation, i.e., nine months for a large domesticated animal and five months for a small domesticated animal, it is permitted on the day that it was born. 15:3).

הַשִּׁלְיָא שֶׁיָּצָאת עִם הַוָּלָד אֲסוּרָה בַּאֲכִילָה וְהָאוֹכְלָהּ פָּטוּר שֶׁאֵינָהּ בָּשָׂר:

The placenta that is expelled together with the newborn is forbidden to be eaten. A person who eats it, however, is not liable,. because it is not [considered] meat.

הָאוֹכֵל כְּזַיִת מִבְּשַׂר בְּהֵמָה אוֹ חַיָּה אוֹ עוֹף טְהוֹרִים שֶׁנִּטְרְפוּ לוֹקֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב ל) "וּבָשָׂר בַּשָּׂדֶה טְרֵפָה לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ לַכֶּלֶב תַּשְׁלִכוּן אֹתוֹ". טְרֵפָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה זוֹ שֶׁטָּרְפָה אוֹתָהּ חַיַּת הַיַּעַר כְּגוֹן אֲרִי וְנָמֵר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְכֵן עוֹף שֶׁטָּרַף אוֹתוֹ עוֹף הַדּוֹרֵס כְּגוֹן נֵץ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ. וְאֵין אַתָּה יָכוֹל לוֹמַר שֶׁטָּרְפָה אוֹתָהּ וְהֵמִיתָה אוֹתָהּ שֶׁאִם מֵתָה הֲרֵי הִיא נְבֵלָה. וּמַה לִּי מֵתָה מֵחֲמַת עַצְמָהּ אוֹ הִכָּה בְּסַיִף וֶהֱמִיתָהּ אוֹ שְׁבָרָהּ אֲרִי וֶהֱמִיתָהּ. הָא אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בְּשֶׁנִּטְרְפָה וְלֹא מֵתָה:

When a person eats an olive-sized portion of a kosher, the prohibition of trefe does not apply with regard to non-kosher species. domesticated animal, wild beast, or fowl that was mortally wounded is liable for lashes, as [Exodus 22:30] states: "Do not eat meat [from an animal that was] mortally wounded (trefe) in the field. Cast it to the dogs." (negative commandment 181) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 73) include this among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.The term trefe employed by the Torah refers to [an animal] mortally wounded by a wild beast, e.g., a lion, a tiger, or the like, or a fowl mortally wounded by a bird of prey, e.g., a hawk or the like. also applies in other situations. Nevertheless, there is an added dimension of severity to the laws applying to animals that are mortally wounded by beasts, as stated in Hilchot Shechitah 5:3 (Maggid Mishneh; Kessef Mishneh). We cannot say that the term trefe refers to an animal that was attacked and killed, for if it died, it is a nevelah. What difference does it make if it died naturally, was struck by a sword or died, or was battered by a lion and died? Thus [the term trefe] must refer to an instance when it was mortally wounded, but did not die.

וְאִם הַטְּרֵפָה שֶׁלֹּא מֵתָה אֲסוּרָה יָכוֹל אִם בָּא זְאֵב וְגָרַר הַגְּדִי בְּרַגְלוֹ אוֹ בִּזְנָבוֹ אוֹ בְּאָזְנוֹ וְרָדַף אָדָם וְהִצִּילוֹ מִפִּיו יִהְיֶה אָסוּר שֶׁהֲרֵי נִטְרַף תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות כב ל) "וּבָשָׂר בַּשָּׂדֶה טְרֵפָה" וְגוֹ' (שמות כב ל) "לַכֶּלֶב תַּשְׁלִיכוּן אֹתוֹ". עַד שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ בָּשָׂר הָרְאוּיָה לַכֶּלֶב. הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁהַטְּרֵפָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה הִיא שֶׁטָּרְפָה אוֹתוֹ חַיַּת הַיַּעַר וְשָׁבְרָה אוֹתָהּ וְנָטָה לָמוּת וַעֲדַיִן לֹא מֵתָה. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁקָּדַם וּשְׁחָטָהּ קֹדֶם שֶׁתָּמוּת הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה מִשּׁוּם טְרֵפָה הוֹאִיל וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁתִּחְיֶה מִמַּכָּה זוֹ הַבָּאָה עָלֶיהָ:

If an animal that is mortally wounded is forbidden, shall we say that if a wolf or a lion comes and drags a kid by its foot, its tail, or its ear, and a man pursues [the beast] and saves [the kid], it will be forbidden, because it was attacked? literally means "preyed upon." Our translation "mortally wounded" is the halachic definition as the Rambam proceeds to explain. The Torah states: "Do not eat meat [from an animal that was] mortally wounded (trefe) in the field. Cast it to the dogs." [An animal is not considered trefe] unless it was brought to a state that its meat is fit [only] for the dogs. Thus we have learned that the term trefe employed by the Torah refers to [an animal] that was attacked by a wild beast and battered by it that has not died yet. Even if the person hurries and slaughters it before it dies, it is forbidden as trefe. For it is impossible that it will live after suffering such wounds.

נִמְצֵאתָ לָמֵד שֶׁהַתּוֹרָה אָסְרָה הַמֵּתָה וְהִיא הַנְּבֵלָה. וְאָסְרָה הַנּוֹטָה לָמוּת מֵחֲמַת מַכּוֹתֶיהָ וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא מֵתָה וְהִיא הַטְּרֵפָה. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁלֹּא תַּחֲלֹק בְּמִיתָה בֵּין מֵתָה מֵחֲמַת עַצְמָהּ בֵּין שֶׁנָּפְלָה וָמֵתָה בֵּין שֶׁחֲנָקָהּ עַד שֶׁמֵּתָה בֵּין שֶׁדְּרָסַתָּה חַיָּה וַהֲרָגַתָּה. כָּךְ לֹא תַּחֲלֹק בְּנוֹטָה לָמוּת בֵּין שֶׁטְּרָפַתָּה חַיָּה וּשְׁבָרַתָּה בֵּין שֶׁנָּפְלָה מִן הַגַּג וְנִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ רֹב צַלְעוֹתֶיהָ בֵּין שֶׁנָּפְלָה וְנִתְרַסְּקוּ אֵיבָרֶיהָ בֵּין שֶׁזָּרַק בָּהּ חֵץ וְנָקַב לִבָּהּ אוֹ רֵאָתָהּ בֵּין שֶׁבָּא לָהּ חלִי מֵחֲמַת עַצְמָהּ וְנָקַב לִבָּהּ אוֹ רֵאָתָהּ אוֹ שִׁבֵּר רֹב צַלְעוֹתֶיהָ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. הוֹאִיל וְהִיא נוֹטָה לָמוּת מִכָּל מָקוֹם הֲרֵי זוֹ טְרֵפָה. בֵּין שֶׁהָיָה הַגּוֹרֵם בִּידֵי בָּשָׂר וָדָם בֵּין שֶׁהָיָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם. אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות כב ל) "טְרֵפָה". דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב בַּהוֹוֶה. שֶׁאִם לֹא תֹּאמַר כֵּן לֹא תֵּאָסֵר אֶלָּא אוֹתָהּ שֶׁנִּטְרְפָה בַּשָּׂדֶה אֲבָל אִם נִטְרְפָה בֶּחָצֵר לֹא תֵּאָסֵר. הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁאֵין הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בַּהוֹוֶה:

Thus we have learned that the Torah forbade [an animal] that died, a nevelah, and it forbade one that was on the verge of death because of its wounds even though it has not died yet, i.e., a trefe.Now we do not make a distinction with regard to an animal that has died regardless of whether it died naturally, it fell and died, it was strangled until it died, or it was attacked by a wild beast who killed it. Similarly, we do not make a distinction between an animal that is on the verge of death, regardless of whether it was attacked by an animal and battered, fell from the roof and broke the majority of its ribs, 10:1, 9:8, 11:4, 6:1. fell and crushed its limbs, it was shot with an arrow and its heart or lung pierced, it developed an illness that caused its heart or lung to be perforated, one broke the majority of its ribs, or the like. Since it is on the verge of death regardless of the cause, it is a trefe. [This applies] whether [its wound] was caused by flesh and blood or by God's hand.If so, why does the Torah use the term trefe? For Scripture speaks with regard to prevalent situations. [We are forced] to say this. If not, only an animal that was mortally wounded in the field would be forbidden. One that is mortally wounded in a courtyard would not be forbidden. Thus we learn that Scripture [is employing this example,] only because it speaks with regard to prevalent situations.

וְעִנְיַן הַכָּתוּב שֶׁהַנּוֹטָה לָמוּת מֵחֲמַת מַכּוֹתֶיהָ וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לָהּ לִחְיוֹת מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה זוֹ אֲסוּרָה. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים זֶה הַכְּלָל כָּל שֶׁאֵין כָּמוֹהָ חַיָּה טְרֵפָה. וּבְהִלְכוֹת שְׁחִיטָה יִתְבָּאֵר אֵי זֶה חלִי עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ טְרֵפָה וְאֵי זֶה חלִי אֵין עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ טְרֵפָה:

The intent of the verse is that [an animal] that is mortally wounded and will not live 11:1). because of these wounds is forbidden. On this basis, our Sages said: 42a. "This is the general principle: Whenever [an animal] in this condition will not live, it is trefe." In Hilchot Shechitah, we will explain which conditions cause an animal to be deemed trefe and which do not cause it to be deemed trefe.

וְכֵן הַחוֹתֵךְ בָּשָׂר מִן הַחַי מִן הַטְּהוֹרִים הֲרֵי אוֹתוֹ הַבָּשָׂר טְרֵפָה וְהָאוֹכֵל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּזַיִת לוֹקֶה מִשּׁוּם אוֹכֵל טְרֵפָה. שֶׁהֲרֵי בָּשָׂר זֶה מִבְּהֵמָה שֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁחֲטָה וְלֹא מֵתָה. מַה לִּי טָרְפָה אוֹתָהּ חַיָּה מַה לִּי חֲתָכָהּ בְּסַכִּין מַה לִּי בְּכֻלָּהּ מַה לִּי בְּמִקְצָתָהּ. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות כב ל) "וּבָשָׂר בַּשָּׂדֶה טְרֵפָה לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ" כֵּיוָן שֶׁנַּעֲשֵׂית הַבְּהֵמָה בָּשָׂר בַּשָּׂדֶה הֲרֵי הִיא טְרֵפָה:

Similarly, when one cuts meat from a living kosher applies only with regard to kosher animals. animal, one receives lashes for partaking of a trefe. 9:10-11 where the Rambam includes eating the meat from an animal and eating a limb from an animal as a single prohibition for a gentile. For this meat comes from an animal that has not been ritually slaughtered and has not died. [Hence it is comparable to a trefe.] What difference does it make to me if it was attacked by an animal or cut by a knife? And what difference does it make if [the animal] was [wounded] in its totality or only a portion of it was wounded? For the verse states: "Do not eat meat [from an animal that was] trefe in the field." Since [a portion of] the animal was made meat in the field, it is trefe.

בְּהֵמָה שֶׁהִיא חוֹלָה מֵחֲמַת שֶׁתָּשַׁשׁ כֹּחָהּ וְנָטְתָה לָמוּת הוֹאִיל וְלֹא אֵרְעָה מַכָּה בְּאֵיבָר מֵאֵיבָרֶיהָ הַמְּמִיתִים אוֹתָהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ מֻתֶּרֶת. שֶׁלֹּא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא כְּעֵין טְרֵפַת חַיַּת הַיַּעַר שֶׁהֲרֵי עָשָׂה בָּהּ מַכָּה הַמְּמִיתָה אוֹתָהּ:

When an animal is sick because it is weakened and is on the verge of death, it is permitted, because it did not suffer a wound in any one of the limbs and organs that will cause it to die. For the Torah forbade only those situations resembling an animal mortally wounded by a preying wild beast. In that situation, the animal wounded it with a blow that caused it to die. 37a makes between an animal which is misukenet (dangerously ill) and trefe. The trefe condition is a result of wound, while in the case of a misukenet, all of its limbs and organs are sound. Nevertheless, as stated in Hilchot Trefot 5:2, there are other physical conditions which render an animal trefe even if it has not been attacked by an animal. These conditions were communicated as halachot to Moses at Sinai.

אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא מֻתֶּרֶת גְּדוֹלֵי הַחֲכָמִים לֹא הָיוּ אוֹכְלִין מִבְּהֵמָה שֶׁמְּמַהֲרִין וְשׁוֹחֲטִין אוֹתָהּ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תָּמוּת וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁפִּרְכְּסָה בְּסוֹף שְׁחִיטָה. וְדָבָר זֶה אֵין בּוֹ אִסּוּר אֶלָּא כָּל הָרוֹצֶה לְהַחֲמִיר עַל עַצְמוֹ בְּדָבָר זֶה הֲרֵי זֶה מְשֻׁבָּח:

Although it is permitted, the great sages would not partake [of the meat] of an animal which people were hurrying to slaughter before it died. (based on Chullin 37b) interprets this as a gesture of pious conduct. Note, however, Siftei Cohen 17:8. [This applies] even if it makes convulsive movements after being slaughtered. This is a matter that does not involve a prohibition. Nevertheless, whoever desires to accept this stringency upon himself is praiseworthy. quotes opinions that maintain that this leniency was granted only to alleviate the financial loss a Jewish owner of an animal would suffer. Therefore, meat from an animal belonging to a gentile which is in such a condition should not be eaten. The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 116:7) quotes this ruling.

הַשּׁוֹחֵט בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף וְלֹא יָצָא מֵהֶן דָּם הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מֻתָּרִין וְאֵין אוֹמְרִין שֶׁמָּא מֵתִים הָיוּ. וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹחֵט אֶת הַבְּרִיאָה וְלֹא פִּרְכְּסָה הֲרֵי זוֹ מֻתֶּרֶת. אֲבָל הַמְסֻכֶּנֶת וְהִיא כָּל שֶׁמַּעֲמִידִין אוֹתָהּ וְאֵינָהּ עוֹמֶדֶת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא אוֹכֶלֶת מַאֲכַל בְּרִיאוֹת אִם שְׁחָטָהּ וְלֹא פִּרְכְּסָה כְּלָל הֲרֵי זוֹ נְבֵלָה וְלוֹקִין עָלֶיהָ. וְאִם פִּרְכְּסָה הֲרֵי זוֹ מֻתֶּרֶת. וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַפִּרְכּוּס בְּסוֹף הַשְּׁחִיטָה. אֲבָל בִּתְחִלָּתָהּ אֵינוֹ מוֹעִיל:

When a person slaughters a domesticated animal, wild beast, or fowl and blood does not flow out from them, they are permitted. We do not say: perhaps they were dead already. Similarly, when one slaughters a healthy animal and it does not make convulsive movements, it is permitted.Different [rules apply with regard to an animal that] is dangerously ill, i.e., one which cannot maintain itself when others cause it to stand it up. 17:1); Siftei Cohen 17:1]. [It is placed in this category] even if it eats the food of healthy animals. If [such an animal] is slaughtered and does not make any convulsive movements at all, it is a nevelah 38a). and one is liable for lashes [for partaking] of it. If it makes convulsive movements, it is permitted.The convulsive movements must be made at the end of the slaughter. If they are made at the beginning, they are of no consequence.

כֵּיצַד הוּא הַפִּרְכּוּס בִּבְהֵמָה דַּקָּה וּבְחַיָּה גַּסָּה וְדַקָּה. בֵּין שֶׁפָּשְׁטָה יָדָהּ וְהֶחֱזִירָה אוֹ שֶׁפָּשְׁטָה רַגְלָהּ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הֶחֱזִירָה אוֹ שֶׁכְּפָפָה רַגְלָהּ בִּלְבַד הֲרֵי זֶה פִּרְכּוּס וּמֻתָּר. אֲבָל אִם פָּשְׁטָה יָדָהּ וְלֹא הֶחֱזִירָתָהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה שֶׁאֵין זוֹ אֶלָּא הוֹצָאַת נֶפֶשׁ בִּלְבַד. וּבִבְהֵמָה גַּסָּה אֶחָד הַיָּד וְאֶחָד הָרֶגֶל בֵּין שֶׁפָּשְׁטָה וְלֹא כָּפְפָה בֵּין כָּפְפָה וְלֹא פָּשְׁטָה הֲרֵי זוֹ פִּרְכּוּס וּמֻתֶּרֶת. וְאִם לֹא פָּשְׁטָה לֹא יָד וְלֹא רֶגֶל וְלֹא כָּפְפָה כְּלָל הֲרֵי זוֹ נְבֵלָה. וּבְעוֹף אֲפִלּוּ לֹא רִפְרֵף אֶלָּא בְּעֵינוֹ וְלֹא כִּשְׁכֵּשׁ אֶלָּא בִּזְנָבוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה פִּרְכּוּס:

What is meant by convulsive movements? For a small domesticated animal and for both a small and a large wild beast, the intent is that it extended its foreleg and returned it, extended its hind leg even though it did not return it, or merely bent its hind leg. and the Siftei Cohen 17:4 quote opinions that rule that if a small domesticated animal's foreleg was extended and it bent it, that is sufficient to render it acceptable. This is considered a convulsive movement and [the animal] is permitted. If, however, it merely extended its foreleg and did not return it, it is forbidden. [This movement is] merely a result of the expiration of the soul.With regard to a large domesticated animal, [more lenient laws apply]. If it either extended its foreleg or its hind leg without bending it or bent its foreleg or hind leg without extending it, it is considered as a convulsive movement and it is permitted. If, however, it neither extended or bent its foreleg or its hind leg at all, it is considered as a nevelah.With regard to a fowl, even if it only blinked its eyelid 17:5 which quotes different versions of Chullin 38b that state that a fowl must move its wing. Winking its eyes is not sufficient. or swatted its tail, it is considered a convulsive movement. (and the Turei Zahav 17:4 and the Siftei Cohen 17:6) quote opinions that maintain that swishing its tail is also sufficient for an animal to be considered as having made a convulsive movement.

הַשּׁוֹחֵט אֶת הַמְסֻכֶּנֶת בַּלַּיְלָה וְלֹא יָדַע אִם פִּרְכְּסָה אוֹ לֹא פִּרְכְּסָה הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק נְבֵלָה וַאֲסוּרָה:

When one slaughters an animal that is dangerously ill at night and does not know whether or not it made convulsive movements, it is forbidden, because of the possibility that it is a nevelah.

כָּל אִסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה אֵין מִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה חוּץ מֵאִסּוּרֵי נָזִיר כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם. לְפִיכָךְ הַלּוֹקֵחַ מְעַט חֵלֶב וּמְעַט דָּם וּמְעַט בְּשַׂר בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה וּמְעַט בְּשַׂר נְבֵלָה וּמְעַט בְּשַׂר דָּג טָמֵא וּמְעַט בְּשַׂר עוֹף טָמֵא וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּאֵלּוּ מִשְּׁאָר הָאִסּוּרִין וְצֵרֵף מִן הַכּל כְּזַיִת וַאֲכָלוֹ אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה וְדִינוֹ כְּדִין אוֹכֵל חֲצִי שִׁעוּר:

None of the substances prohibited by the Torah can be combined with each other [to reach the minimum measure for which one is liable for lashes] with the exception of the prohibitions that apply to a nazarite, as explained in that source. 5:3, although there are separate prohibitions against eating raisins, grape peels, grape seeds, and partaking of wine, if one combined all these substances together, one is liable. Therefore when a person takes a small amount of fat, a small amount of blood, a small amount of the meat of a non-kosher animal, a small amount of the meat of a nevelah, a small amount of the meat of a non-kosher fish, a small amount of the meat of a non-kosher fowl, or the like from other prohibited substances, although he collects an olive-sized portion from the entire mixture and partakes of it, he is not liable for lashes. He is bound by the laws that apply when one eats half the minimum measure [of a forbidden] substance. 66a) maintains that forbidden substances of different types can be combined together to make a person liable for lashes. The Sages differ and maintain that they cannot be combined, but instead are judged individually. If there is enough of the one substance to make one liable, he is liable. If not, he is exempt.The principle stated in Halachot 18-19 is a correlory to these concepts. Since the forbidden substances are not combined with each other, but are instead considered as discrete entities, they help nullify each other, as explained there.

כָּל הַנְּבֵלוֹת מִצְטָרְפוֹת זוֹ עִם זוֹ. וּנְבֵלָה מִצְטָרֶפֶת עִם טְרֵפָה. וְכֵן כָּל בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה הַטְּמֵאִים מִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה. אֲבָל בְּשַׂר נְבֵלָה עִם בְּשַׂר בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה אֵין מִצְטָרְפִין. כֵּיצַד. הַלּוֹקֵחַ מִנִּבְלַת הַשּׁוֹר וְנִבְלַת הַצְּבִי וְנִבְלַת הַתַּרְנְגוֹל וְקִבֵּץ מִן הַכּל כְּזַיִת בָּשָׂר וַאֲכָלוֹ לוֹקֶה. וְכֵן אִם קִבֵּץ חֲצִי זַיִת מִנִּבְלַת בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה וַחֲצִי זַיִת מִן הַטְּרֵפָה אוֹ חֲצִי זַיִת מִבְּשַׂר נְבֵלָה וַחֲצִי זַיִת מִבָּשָׂר מִן הַחַי מִן הַטְּהוֹרָה וַאֲכָלוֹ לוֹקֶה. וְכֵן בְּשַׂר הַגָּמָל וְהַחֲזִיר וְהָאַרְנֶבֶת שֶׁקִּבֵּץ מִכֻּלָּם כְּזַיִת וַאֲכָלוֹ לוֹקֶה. אֲבָל אִם צֵרֵף חֲצִי זַיִת מִנִּבְלַת הַשּׁוֹר וַחֲצִי זַיִת מִבְּשַׂר הַגָּמָל אֵינָן מִצְטָרְפִין. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְכֵן בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה וְעוֹף טָמֵא אוֹ דָּג טָמֵא אֵין בְּשַׂר שְׁנֵיהֶן מִצְטָרֵף. לְפִי שֶׁהֵן שְׁנֵי שֵׁמוֹת. שֶׁהֲרֵי כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן בְּלָאו בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. אֲבָל כָּל הָעוֹפוֹת הַטְּמֵאִין מִצְטָרְפִין כְּמוֹ שֶׁמִּצְטָרְפִין כָּל בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה הַטְּמֵאִין. זֶה הַכְּלָל כָּל שֶׁאִסּוּרָן בְּלָאו אֶחָד מִצְטָרְפִין. בִּשְׁנֵי לָאוִין אֵין מִצְטָרְפִין. חוּץ מִנְּבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה הוֹאִיל וְהַטְּרֵפָה תְּחִלַּת נְבֵלָה הִיא:

All [types of] nevelot may be combined together. A nevelah may be combined with a trefe. All the non-kosher animals and wild beasts may be combined with each other. But the meat of a nevelah and the meat of a non-kosher animal may not be combined.What is implied? When one takes [some meat] from a nevelah of an ox, some from the nevelah of a deer, some from the nevelah of a chicken and combined it so that he has an olive-sized portion of meat, he is liable for lashes if he eats it. Similarly, if he collected half of an olive-sized portion from the nevelah of a kosher animal and half of an olive-sized portion from a trefe, or half of an olive-sized portion from the meat of a nevelah and half from meat taken from a living kosher animal,, as stated in Halachah 10. he is liable if he eats it. Similarly, if he collects an olive-sized portion [by combining] the meat of a camel, a pig, and a hare, he is liable if he eats it.If, by contrast, he takes half of an olive-sized portion of a nevelah of an ox and half an olive-sized portion of a camel [an eats it], they are not combined. justifies the Rambam's position. Similar principles apply in all analogous situations. Similarly, the meat of a non-kosher animal, fowl, or fish are not combined for they involve different prohibitions. For each one is forbidden by a separate negative commandment, as we explained. Nevertheless, all the forbidden species of fowl can be combined as may all the forbidden species of domesticated animals and wild beasts.This is the general principle: Whenever substances are included in the same prohibition, they may be combined. [If they are included] in two [separate] prohibitions, they are not combined. The [only] exceptions are a nevelah and a trefe. [The rationale is that] a trefe is the beginning of [an animal] becoming a nevelah.

הָאוֹכֵל מִנְּבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה אוֹ מִבְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה הַטְּמֵאִים מִן הָעוֹר וּמִן הָעֲצָמוֹת וּמִן הַגִּידִים וּמִן הַקַּרְנַיִם וּמִן הַטְּלָפַיִם וּמִן הַצִּפָּרְנַיִם שֶׁל עוֹף מִמְּקוֹמוֹת שֶׁמְּבַצְבֵּץ מִשָּׁם הַדָּם כְּשֶׁיֵּחָתְכוּ וּמִן הַשִּׁלְיָא שֶׁלָּהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵלּוּ אֵינָן רְאוּיִין לַאֲכִילָה וְאֵין מִצְטָרְפִין עִם הַבָּשָׂר לִכְזַיִת:

When a person eats the skin, the bones, the sinews, 9:1) which interprets the Hebrew term giddim as also referring to veins, arteries, and nerves. the horns, or the hoofs of a nevelah, a trefe, or a non-kosher domesticated animal or wild beast, from the nails of a non-kosher fowl in the places where blood would spurt through when they are cut off, or from their placenta, although this is forbidden, he is not liable. [The rationale is that] they are not fit to be eaten. They cannot be combined with meat [in the measure of] an olive-sized portion.

קֵיבַת הַנְּבֵלָה וְקֵיבַת הַטְּמֵאָה מֻתֶּרֶת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא כִּשְׁאָר טִנֹּפֶת שֶׁבַּגּוּף. וּלְפִיכָךְ מֻתָּר לְהַעֲמִיד הַגְּבִינָה בְּקֵיבַת שְׁחִיטַת הָעַכּוּ"ם וּבְקֵיבַת בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה טְמֵאָה. אֲבָל עוֹר הַקֵּבָה הֲרֵי הוּא כִּשְׁאָר הַמֵּעַיִם וְאָסוּר:

[Milk found in] the stomach of a nevelah and the stomach of a non-kosher animal). is permitted, for it is like other waste products of the body. Therefore, it is permitted to use [milk found in] the stomach of an animal slaughtered by a gentile or the stomach of a non-kosher domesticated animal or wild beast to cause cheese to solidify. 81:6) differs and quotes Rabbenu Tam's opinion states that liquid milk found in the stomach of a forbidden species is forbidden. Moreover, at the outset, one should not use even dried milk found in the stomach of a non-kosher animal as a catalyst because of the impression it will create. After the fact, it is permitted. The skin of the stomach, by contrast, is like the other digestive organs and is forbidden.

עוֹר הַבָּא כְּנֶגֶד פָּנָיו שֶׁל חֲמוֹר מֻתָּר בַּאֲכִילָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּמוֹ הַפֶּרֶשׁ וּמֵי רַגְלַיִם שֶׁהֵן מֻתָּרִין. יֵשׁ עוֹרוֹת שֶׁהֵן כְּבָשָׂר וְהָאוֹכֵל מֵהֶן כְּזַיִת כְּאוֹכֵל מִן הַבָּשָׂר. וְהוּא כְּשֶׁיֹּאכַל אוֹתָן כְּשֶׁהֵן רַכִּים:

The placenta of a donkey 7b. The Ra'avad differs with the Rambam's ruling and maintains that this placenta is forbidden. The Maggid Mishneh justifies the Rambam's ruling. is permitted to be eaten because it is like dung and urine which is permitted. There is skin which is considered like meat and one who partakes of an olive-sized portion is considered like one who eats an olive-sized portion of meat, provided one partakes of it when it is soft.

וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁעוֹרוֹתֵיהֶן כִּבְשָׂרָן. עוֹר הָאָדָם וְעוֹר הַחֲזִיר שֶׁל יִשּׁוּב וְעוֹר חֲטוֹטֶרֶת שֶׁל גָּמָל שֶׁלֹּא טָעֲנוּ עָלָיו מַשָּׂא מֵעוֹלָם וְלֹא הִגִּיעַ לְמַשָּׂא שֶׁעֲדַיִן הִיא רַכָּה וְעוֹר בֵּית הַבּשֶׁת וְעוֹר שֶׁתַּחַת הָאַלְיָה וְעוֹר הַשָּׁלִיל וְעוֹר הָאֲנָקָה וְהַכֹּחַ וְהַלְּטָאָה וְהַחֹמֶט. כָּל אֵלּוּ הָעוֹרוֹת כְּשֶׁהֵן רַכּוֹת הֲרֵי הֵן כְּבָשָׂר לְכָל דָּבָר בֵּין לְאִסּוּר אֲכִילָה בֵּין לְטֻמְאָה:

The following [types of] skins are considered like meat: the skin of a human, the skin of a domesticated pig, the skin of a camel's hump upon which a burden has never been loaded, [because] it has not reached the age [to serve as a beast] of burden, for then it is still soft, the skin of genital area, the skin that is below the tail, the skin of a fetus, the skin of the hedgehog, the chameleon, the lizard, the snail. When all of these skins are soft, they are considered like meat with regard to all matters, whether with regard to [liability for] the prohibition against partaking of them or with regard to the laws of ritual purity. can convey ritual impurity, while a hide or a piece of leather that size does not.

נֶאֱמַר בְּשׁוֹר הַנִּסְקָל (שמות כא כח) "וְלֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ". וְהֵיאַךְ הָיָה אֶפְשָׁר לְאָכְלוֹ אַחַר שֶׁנִּסְקַל וַהֲרֵי הוּא נְבֵלָה. אֶלָּא לֹא בָּא הַכָּתוּב אֶלָּא לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּגְמַר דִּינוֹ לִסְקִילָה נֶאֱסַר וְנַעֲשָׂה כִּבְהֵמָה טְמֵאָה. וְאִם קָדַם וּשְׁחָטוֹ שְׁחִיטָה כְּשֵׁרָה הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר בַּהֲנָיָה. וְאִם אָכַל מִבְּשָׂרוֹ כְּזַיִת לוֹקֶה. וְכֵן כְּשֶׁיִּסָּקֵל לֹא יִמָּכֵר וְלֹא יִתְּנֶנּוּ לִכְלָבִים וְלֹא לְעַכּוּ"ם לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר לֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ. וּפֶרֶשׁ שֶׁל שׁוֹר הַנִּסְקָל מֻתָּר בַּהֲנָאָה. נוֹדַע שֶׁהוּא פָּטוּר מִסְּקִילָה אַחַר שֶׁנִּגְמַר דִּינוֹ כְּגוֹן שֶׁהוּזְמוּ הָעֵדִים יֵצֵא וְיִרְעֶה בָּעֵדֶר. וְאִם נוֹדַע אַחַר שֶׁנִּסְקָל הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר בַּהֲנָיָה:

With regard to an ox condemned to be stoned,, ch. 10, which explains the pertinent laws. [Exodus 21:28] states: "Its meat shall not be eaten." Now, how could one think that it would be eaten after it was stoned to death, for it is a nevelah? Instead, the Torah is coming to teach you that once it has been sentenced to execution by stoning, it becomes forbidden; it becomes like a non-kosher animal. [Even] if one hurried and slaughtered it in an acceptable manner [before it was executed], it is forbidden to benefit from it. (negative commandment 188) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 52) include this among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.Instead, the corpse of the executed animal should be buried (Hilchot Pesulei HaMukdashim 19:11). If one eats an olive-sized portion of its meat, he is liable for lashes. And when it is executed by stoning, its [meat] should not be sold or given to the dogs or to a gentile, [as implied by the phrase]: "shall not be eaten." It is permitted [to benefit from] the dung of an ox condemned to be stoned. 5:2, the rationale is that the dung is considered of negligible importance with regard to the ox itself. As implied by Halachah 20, the dung of an animal is not considered as part of the animal itself, nor is it included in the prohibitions applying to it.If it is discovered that [a condemned ox] is not liable to be stoned after it was sentenced, e.g., the witnesses who testified against it were disqualified, it may be sent out to pasture with the herd. If this was discovered after it was executed, it is permitted to benefit from [its meat].