Mishneh Torah — Prayer & Priestly Blessing הִלְכוֹת תְּפִלָּה וּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים, Chapter 11

כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ עֲשָׂרָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל צָרִיךְ לְהָכִין לוֹ בַּיִת שֶׁיִּכָּנְסוּ בּוֹ לִתְפִלָּה בְּכָל עֵת תְּפִלָּה וּמָקוֹם זֶה נִקְרָא בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת. וְכוֹפִין בְּנֵי הָעִיר זֶה אֶת זֶה לִבְנוֹת לָהֶם בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת וְלִקְנוֹת לָהֶם סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה נְבִיאִים וּכְתוּבִים:

Wherever ten Jews live, it is necessary to establish a place for them to congregate for prayer at the time of each prayer service. 4:23, which states that a Torah sage is not allowed to live in a city which lacks any of ten community resources, one of which is a synagogue.This place is called a Beit K'nesset. The inhabitants of a city can compel each other 163:1) states that even if the majority of the inhabitants do not desire the construction of a synagogue, the minority have the right to compel them to build it. to construct a synagogue and to purchase scrolls containing the Torah, the Prophets, and the Sacred Writings. 6:1). At present, when a greater number of Torah texts are available, the congregation is obligated to buy the Torah texts needed by the congregation - both adults and minors - for study (Magen Avraham 150:1).

כְּשֶׁבּוֹנִין בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת אֵין בּוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ אֶלָּא בְּגָבְהָהּ שֶׁל עִיר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי א כא) ״בְּרֹאשׁ הֹמִיּוֹת תִּקְרָא״. וּמַגְבִּיהִין אוֹתָהּ עַד שֶׁתְּהֵא גְּבוֹהָה מִכָּל חַצְרוֹת הָעִיר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (עזרא ט ט) ״וּלְרוֹמֵם אֶת בֵּית אֱלֹהֵינוּ״. וְאֵין פּוֹתְחִין פִּתְחֵי בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת אֶלָּא בַּמִּזְרָח שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ג לח) ״וְהַחֹנִים לִפְנֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן קֵדְמָה״. וּבוֹנִין בּוֹ הֵיכָל שֶׁמַּנִּיחִין בּוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה. וּבוֹנִין הֵיכָל זֶה בָּרוּחַ שֶׁמִּתְפַּלְּלִין כְּנֶגְדּוֹ בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר. כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ פְּנֵיהֶם אֶל מוּל הַהֵיכָל כְּשֶׁיַּעַמְדוּ לִתְפִלָּה:

When a synagogue is built, it should be built only at the highest point of the city [as implied by Proverbs 1:21]: "She cries at the head of the public places." 3:14. The commentaries question how this verse serves as a prooftext for the law which is stated. It should be built [so that] its height exceeds [that of] all the other buildings in the city [as implied by Ezra 9:9]: "to lift up the house of our God."The 11a states: "Any city whose roofs are higher than the synagogue will ultimately be destroyed."The Hagahot Maimoniot maintain that this applies only to buildings with flat roofs. However, if the roofs are slanted and therefore, will not be used by people, the height of the other buildings may exceed that of the synagogue. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 150:2) states that apartments or offices in other buildings should also not be higher than the synagogue's roof.The Mishnah Berurah 150:5 notes that many communities are not stringent in the observance of this law and quotes sources which explain that since buildings owned by gentiles are often taller than the synagogue, the synagogue is not likely to be the tallest building in the city in any case. Therefore, other Jewish houses may also be built higher than the synagogue. His own opinion, however, is not to seek leniency in this regard. entrance to the synagogue should open only on the east [as implied by Numbers 3:38]: "...And those who camped before the sanctuary on the (loc. cit.). The Tur and Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 150:5) explain that this law applied only in Babylon, where their synagogues faced west. Thus, the doorway on the eastern side would be opposite the ark. However, since the Rambam mentions the possibility of the heichal being built on different walls, but mentions only one position for the entrance, it appears that he requires the entrance to be placed at the east at all times. east."In [the synagogue], a heichal, where the Torah scroll is placed, should be constructed.) which is found in contemporary synagogues. In addition, as explained in the following halachah, the custom was to have a tevah, a smaller ark, positioned next to the place where the chazan would stand. The heichal should be constructed in the direction to which the people pray in that city, should be built into the eastern wall. so that they will face the heichal when they stand to pray. of a synagogue was not positioned in the direction of Jerusalem, one should pray facing Jerusalem and not facing the heichal.

וּמַעֲמִידִין בִּימָה בְּאֶמְצַע הַבַּיִת כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עָלֶיהָ הַקּוֹרֵא בַּתּוֹרָה אוֹ מִי אֲשֶׁר אוֹמֵר לָעָם דִּבְרֵי כִּבּוּשִׁין כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁמְעוּ כֻּלָּם. וּכְשֶׁמַּעֲמִידִין הַתֵּבָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה מַעֲמִידִין אוֹתָהּ בָּאֶמְצַע וַאֲחוֹרֵי הַתֵּבָה כְּלַפֵּי הַהֵיכָל וּפָנֶיהָ כְּלַפֵּי הָעָם:

A platform is placed in the center of the hall, 5:1.) so that the one who reads the Torah or one who gives a sermon 2:1) explains that on fast days, one of the elders of the congregation would speak and call the people to repent. Similarly, the Talmud mentions that some of the leading Sages would visit distant communities and address the people in the synagogue. can stand on it, so that all the others will hear him. When one positions the tevah which contains the Torah scroll, whose position is fixed, thetevah is a movable ark, in which the Torah scrolls used for the public reading of the Torah were kept. (See the responsa of the Radbaz, Vol. II, 157.) one should position it in the center of the hall, in the direction of the heichal is constructed and facing the people.

כֵּיצַד הָעָם יוֹשְׁבִין בְּבָתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת. הַזְּקֵנִים יוֹשְׁבִין וּפְנֵיהֶן כְּלַפֵּי הָעָם וַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶם כְּלַפֵּי הַהֵיכָל. וְכָל הָעָם יוֹשְׁבִין שׁוּרָה לִפְנֵי שׁוּרָה וּפְנֵי הַשּׁוּרָה לַאֲחוֹרֵי הַשּׁוּרָה שֶׁלְּפָנֶיהָ עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ פְּנֵי כָּל הָעָם כְּלַפֵּי הַקֹּדֶשׁ וּכְלַפֵּי הַזְּקֵנִים וּכְלַפֵּי הַתֵּבָה. וּבְעֵת שֶׁשְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר עוֹמֵד לִתְפִלָּה עוֹמֵד בָּאָרֶץ לִפְנֵי הַתֵּבָה וּפָנָיו לִפְנֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ כִּשְׁאָר הָעָם:

How do the people sit in the synagogue? The elders sit facing the people with their backs toward the heichal. All the people sit row after row, each row facing the back of the row before it. Thus, all the people face the sanctuary, the elders, and the tevah. 10b).When the leader of the congregation stands to pray, he stands on the ground, before the tevah, would pray "on the ground, before the tevah." facing the sanctuary like the others.

בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת וּבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת נוֹהֲגִין בָּהֶן כָּבוֹד וּמְכַבְּדִים אוֹתָן וּמַרְבִּיצִין אוֹתָן. וְנוֹהֲגִין כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּסְפָרַד וּבַמַּעֲרָב בְּשִׁנְעָר וּבְאֶרֶץ הַצְּבִי לְהַדְלִיק עֲשָׁשִׁיּוֹת בְּבָתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת וּלְהַצִּיעַ בְּקַרְקָעָן מַחְצְלָאוֹת כְּדֵי לֵישֵׁב עֲלֵיהֶם. וּבְעָרֵי אֱדוֹם יוֹשְׁבִין בָּהּ עַל הַכִּסְאוֹת:

Synagogues and houses of study should be treated with respect. (151:1) notes that Megillah 29a quotes Ezekiel 11:16: "I have been a sanctuary in microcosm to them in the countries where they have come" to describe the synagogues in the Diaspora. This association allows one to infer that the obligation to honor a synagogue is related to the mitzvah (Sefer HaMitzvot, Positive Commandment 21) to revere the Temple.The S'dei Chemed cites Sefer HaMitzvot (Negative Commandment 65) which mentions the prohibition against "destroying the houses where God is worshiped," indicating that the obligation to honor the synagogues has its source in a Torah commandment. (Note the commentary on Halachah 12.) They should be swept clean 128 relates tht Rabbi Ya'akov bar Yakar, Rashi's teacher, would polish the floor before the ark with his beard. and mopped. 28b).All the Jews in Spain, the west, Babylonia, to Genesis 19:1. and Eretz Yisrael,, based on Jeremiah 3:19: "I will give you a delightful land (ארץ צבי), the finest heritage of a host of nations." (See also Daniel 8:9, Gittin 57a.) are accustomed to light lamps in the synagogue and spread mats over the floor to sit on. In European communities, they sit on chairs.

בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת וּבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת אֵין נוֹהֲגִין בָּהֶן קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ כְּגוֹן שְׂחוֹק וְהִתּוּל וְשִׂיחָה בְּטֵלָה. וְאֵין אוֹכְלִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין שׁוֹתִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין נֵאוֹתִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין מְטַיְּלִין בָּהֶן וְאֵין נִכְנָסִין בָּהֶן בַּחַמָּה מִפְּנֵי הַחַמָּה וּבַגְּשָׁמִים מִפְּנֵי הַגְּשָׁמִים. וַחֲכָמִים וְתַלְמִידֵיהֶם מֻתָּרִין לֶאֱכל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת בָּהֶן מִדֹּחַק:

No lightheadedness - i.e., jests, frivolity, and idle conversation - should be seen in a synagogue. states that the sin of frivolity in the synagogues causes them to be sold to gentiles and transformed into houses of idol worship.The Zohar (Parashat Vayakhel) severely condemns the sin of idle conversation in a synagogue, because God's presence is manifest there, and, therefore, any activity of this sort indicates a lack of reverence for Him. We may not eat or drink inside [a synagogue], 101a relates that wayfarers would eat meals in the synagogue. However, Tosafot, Megillah 28a, explains that synagogues would have a side room that was used as a guest house. However, eating and drinking would not be permitted in the room used for prayer. nor use [a synagogue] for our benefit, 8:6. Rashi (Megillah 28b) renders ניאותין as "adorn ourselves." According to his interpretation, the synagogue should not be a place where people come to show off their clothes and jewelry. nor stroll inside one.).On a sunny [day], one should not enter [a synagogue to seek shade] from the sun, and on a rainy [day], [one should not enter a synagogue to seek shelter] from the rain. 28b relates that Ravina and Rav Ada bar Matanah were discussing a Halachic problem with Ravva outside. When it began raining, they entered a synagogue to continue their discussion. They explained, "We did not enter the synagogue because of the rain, but because the comprehension of the passage requires a relaxed state of mind." [However,] the sages and their students 151:2 states that this license is granted only to scholars who spend the majority of their time in the house of study. Others, however, are not granted such privileges. are permitted to eat and drink in a synagogue 28b states that a house of study is called "the rabbis' house," implying that they can do anything they would do in their own homes in the house of study. Since the holiness of a house of study exceeds that of a synagogue (see Halachah 14), we can assume that these activities are also permitted in a synagogue.Nonetheless, this license is granted only... because of the difficulty [observing the prohibition would cause them]., loc. cit.:2).The Magen Avraham cites authorities who permit wider use of synagogue facilities if they were originally constructed with this use in mind. This leniency is based on Megillah, loc. cit., which states that the synagogues in Babylonia could be used for mundane purposes since they were constructed with this condition in mind.

וְאֵין מְחַשְּׁבִין בָּהֶן חֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיוּ חֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹת שֶׁל מִצְוָה כְּגוֹן קֻפָּה שֶׁל צְדָקָה וּפִדְיוֹן שְׁבוּיִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְאֵין מַסְפִּידִין בָּהֶן אֶלָּא הֶסְפֵּד שֶׁל רַבִּים כְּגוֹן שֶׁיִּהְיֶה שָׁם הֶסְפֵּד גְּדוֹלֵי חַכְמֵי אוֹתָהּ הָעִיר שֶׁכָּל הָעָם מִתְקַבְּצִין וּבָאִין בִּגְלָלָן:

It is forbidden to calculate accounts in [a synagogue], unless the accounts are connected with a mitzvah: 5a, which states that though it is forbidden to think over one's accounts on the Sabbath, one is permitted to calculate accounts that are associated with a mitzvah even in a synagogue. for example, the collection of charity, 9:1. the redemption of captives, 8:10-18.or the like. [Similarly,] eulogies - This does not refer to a eulogy recited in the presence of the corpse itself, but rather a public meeting in honor of the deceased after his burial (Rav Kapach). or the like.[Similarly,] eulogies should not be recited inside them, except a eulogy that involves many [of the inhabitants of the city]; for example, [if] there were a eulogy of the great sages of that city for which all the people would gather together and come. 28b, it appears that this refers to a eulogy recited over a great sage, by a great sage, or attended by a great sage.

הָיָה לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת אוֹ לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ שְׁנֵי פְּתָחִין לֹא יַעֲשֶׂנּוּ קַפַּנְדַּרְיָא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס בְּפֶתַח זֶה וְיֵצֵא בַּפֶּתַח שֶׁכְּנֶגְדּוֹ לְקָרֵב הַדֶּרֶךְ. שֶׁאָסוּר לִכָּנֵס בָּהֶן אֶלָּא לִדְבַר מִצְוָה:

If a synagogue or a house of study has two entrances, one should not use it for a shortcut, 7:2, which mentions a similar prohibition with regard to the Temple Mount. i.e., to enter through one entrance and leave through the other to reduce [the distance one] travels, because it is forbidden to enter [these buildings] except for a mitzvah. (151) questions whether a person who is going to do a mitzvah may take a shortcut through a synagogue. Though the Pri Megadim states that this might be permissible, the Be'ur Halachah maintains that the wording the Rambam chose implies that one must enter the synagogue to do a mitzvah within, and not to pass through for the sake of a mitzvah.

מִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִכָּנֵס לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת לִקְרוֹת תִּינוֹק אוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ יִכָּנֵס וְיִקְרָא מְעַט אוֹ יֹאמַר שְׁמוּעָה וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִקְרָא חֲבֵרוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנֵס בִּשְׁבִיל חֲפָצָיו בִּלְבַד. וְאִם אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ יֹאמַר לְתִינוֹק מִן הַתִּינוֹקוֹת קְרָא לִי הַפָּסוּק שֶׁאַתָּה קוֹרֵא בּוֹ. אוֹ יִשְׁהֶה מְעַט בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֵצֵא. שֶׁהַיְשִׁיבָה שָׁם מֵעִסְקֵי הַמִּצְוֹת הִיא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים פד ה) ״אַשְׁרֵי יוֹשְׁבֵי בֵיתֶךָ״ וְגוֹ׳‎:

A person who has to enter a synagogue to call a child or his friend should enter and read [a portion of the written law] or relate a teaching [of the oral law] and then call his friend, explains that the person should study first and then call his friend, so that it will not appear that he entered the synagogue only to serve his personal concerns. so that he will not have entered [a synagogue] for his personal reasons alone.If he does not know [how to study], he should ask one of the children 28b, the source for this halachah. As obvious from Gittin 58a and other sources throughout the Talmud, synagogues were often used as classrooms for younger children. [to] tell him the verse he is studying or, [at the very least,] wait a while in the synagogue 151:8) states that one must wait at least the length of time it takes to walk eight handbreadths (slightly less than five feet). and then leave, since spending time [in the synagogue] is one of the aspects of the mitzvah as implied by [Psalms 84:5]: "Happy are those who dwell in Your house." (Orach Chayim 151) points out that the emphasis is not on sitting, but on spending time, whether one stands or sits. To clarify this point, the Rambam does not quote the Talmudic source (Megillah, loc. cit.) exactly. That passage reads, "[he should] wait a while, get up, and leave." The Rambam omits the expression, "get up," to indicate that one need not actually sit.

מִי שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְהִתְפַּלֵּל אוֹ לִקְרוֹת מֻתָּר לוֹ לָצֵאת בַּפֶּתַח שֶׁכְּנֶגְדּוֹ כְּדֵי לְקָרֵב אֶת הַדֶּרֶךְ. וּמֻתָּר לָאָדָם לִכָּנֵס לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת בְּמַקְלוֹ בְּמִנְעָלוֹ וּבַאֲפֻנְדָּתוֹ וּבָאָבָק שֶׁעַל רַגְלָיו. וְאִם הָיָה צָרִיךְ לָרֹק יָרֹק בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת:

A person who enters [a synagogue] to pray or to study is permitted to leave by the opposite door to shorten his way. 29a bases this law on Ezekiel 46:9 which states that in the Messianic age, after the people complete their service in the Temple, they will not leave through the same gate through which they entered. If this will be permitted in the Temple, it is surely permitted in a synagogue. questions the order of the halachot chosen by the Rambam, noting that it would have seemed more logical to mention this law directly after Halachah 8, which forbids taking a shortcut through a synagogue. The Or Sameach points out a possible resolution of this difficulty, noting that in teaching this law after Halachah 9, the Rambam implies that leniency is granted only for the sake of calling a friend. However, it is forbidden to enter a synagogue and study Torah in order to leave by the opposite door. A person is permitted to enter a synagogue 9:6) forbids the following four activities on the Temple Mount, considering them as irreverent. See also Hilchot Beit HaBechirah 7:2. [holding] his staff, [wearing] his shoes, 2:8) relates that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi's son removed his sandals before entering a synagogue. When he left, he discovered that they had been stolen. He said, "If I had not entered the synagogue, my sandals wouldn't have been stolen." wearing [only] lower garments, or with dust on his feet. 63a compares a synagogue to one's house. Since these activities are accepted in one's home, they are also acceptable in the synagogue.It must be noted that many authoritative manuscripts of theMishneh Torah omit the phrases "wearing [only] lower garments" and "with dust on his feet." Note also the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 151:8) which states that a person should clean mud from his shoes before entering a synagogue. If it is necessary for him to spit, he may spit in the synagogue. 3:5):A person who spits in the synagogue is considered like one who spits in [God's] eye. Rabbi Yonah would spit and wipe it with his foot.Rabbenu Manoach explains that this passage does not contradict the Babylonian Talmud (Berachot, loc. cit.) which allows one to spit in the synagogue. As long as Rabbi Yonah's practice is followed, there is no prohibition.Though some authorities disagree, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 151:7) accepts Rabbenu Manoach's decision. However, while reciting the Shemoneh Esreh, spitting is forbidden (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 97:2). The Magen Avraham 151:9 mentions that the Ari zal would refrain from spitting within a synagogue.

בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת וּבָתֵּי מִדְרָשׁוֹת שֶׁחָרְבוּ בִּקְדֻשָּׁתָן הֵן עוֹמְדוֹת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כו לא) ״וַהֲשִׁמּוֹתִי אֶת מִקְדְּשֵׁיכֶם״ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן שׁוֹמְמִין בִּקְדֻשָּׁתָן הֵן עוֹמְדִין. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁנּוֹהֲגִין בָּהֶן כָּבוֹד בְּיִשּׁוּבָן כָּךְ נוֹהֲגִין בָּהֶן בְּחֻרְבָּנָם חוּץ מִכִּבּוּד וְרִבּוּץ שֶׁאֵין מְכַבְּדִין אוֹתָן וְאֵין מַרְבִּיצִין אוֹתָן. עָלוּ בָּהֶן עֲשָׂבִים תּוֹלְשִׁין אוֹתָם וּמַנִּיחִין אוֹתָן בִּמְקוֹמָן כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּרְאוּ אוֹתָן הָעָם וְתֵעוֹר רוּחָם וְיִבְנוּם:

Synagogues and houses of study that have been destroyed remain holy [as can be inferred from Leviticus 26:31]: "I will destroy your sanctuaries." [Our Sages explained]: Even though they are destroyed, they remain holy.Just as one must treat them with respect while they are standing, so must they be treated [with respect] when they are destroyed 28b mentions that if one constructed a synagogue with the condition that it can be used for mundane purposes, one may do so. As mentioned in the commentary to Halachah 6, the Ramban and other authorities maintain that if a synagogue was constructed with such a condition, guests may eat inside and it may be used for other mundane purposes.Tosafot disagrees, maintaining that the condition has no effect while the synagogue is standing and applies only after it has been destroyed. Thus, were a synagogue to be built with such a condition, as were the synagogues in Babylonia in Talmudic times, mundane activities could be carried on within its premises after it was destroyed. However, even then, activities directly opposed to the sanctity of the synagogue, e.g., sowing crops on the land, are forbidden.The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 151:11) quotes Tosafot's opinion. Interestingly, the Rambam does not mention either the Ramban's or Tosafot's interpretation of the possibility of making the condition mentioned in Megillah (loc. cit.). with the exception of sweeping and mopping them. [When destroyed], they need not be swept or mopped.If grass grows in them, it should be pulled out and left there 28b) states, "If grass grow in it, it should not be pulled out." The Talmud comments that one is not allowed to pull out the grass to use as fodder for animals, but one may pull out the grass and leave it there.In his Commentary to the Mishnah, the Rambam writes that one is permitted to pull the grass out and leave it in its place. The published text of the Mishneh Torah (which we have quoted) appears to imply that one should pull them out (i.e., it is imperative to do so). However, the version of the halachah found in authoritative manuscripts is closer to the understanding in the Commentary to the Mishnah.The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:10) quotes the version of the halachah in the published texts of the Mishneh Torah. However, the Mishnah Berurah (151:29) quotes the Commentary to the Mishnah. so that it will be seen by the people [in the hope that] it will rouse their spirits and rebuild them.

אֵין סוֹתְרִין בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת כְּדֵי לִבְנוֹת אַחֵר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ אוֹ בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר. אֲבָל בּוֹנִין אַחֵר וְאַחַר כָּךְ סוֹתְרִין זֶה. שֶׁמָּא יֶאֱרַע לָהֶם אֹנֶס וְלֹא יִבְנוּ. אֲפִלּוּ כֹּתֶל אֶחָד מִמֶּנּוּ בּוֹנֶה הֶחָדָשׁ בְּצַד הַיָּשָׁן וְאַחַר כָּךְ סוֹתֵר הַיָּשָׁן:

One should not tear down a synagogue in order to build another in its place or in another place. (negative commandment 65), which states that destroying a synagogue is a transgression of a Torah commandment. Nonetheless, if one's intention is to build a new synagogue, the destruction of the old one is permitted (See also Ramah, Orach Chayim 152:2). Instead, one should build the [new synagogue] and then, one [may] tear down the [previous] one 3b. Two reasons are mentioned by the Talmud. The Rambam quotes one: lest unforeseen difficulties arise [which prevent it] from being built. (Orach Chayim 152:1) quotes the Rambam's decision. The Mishnah Berurah 152:4 states that this law applies even if all the money necessary to build the new synagogue has been collected.This applies even to a single wall of [a synagogue]. One should build the new wall next to the old wall and then, tear down the old wall. (152) mentions the opinion of Rabbenu Asher who permits a community to enlarge a synagogue by tearing down an existing wall before building a new one if there is no other alternative. He maintains that the Rambam might also agree to this decision. However, most authorities interpret the Rambam's words as forbidding such a practice.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁלֹּא חָרְבוּ יְסוֹדוֹתָיו אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא נָטוּ כְּתָלָיו לִפּל. אֲבָל אִם חָרְבוּ יְסוֹדוֹתָיו אוֹ שֶׁנָּטוּ כְּתָלָיו לִפּל סוֹתְרִין אוֹתוֹ מִיָּד וּמַתְחִילִין לִבְנוֹת בִּמְהֵרָה בַּיּוֹם וּבַלַּיְלָה שֶׁמָּא תִּדְחֹק הַשָּׁעָה וְיִשָּׁאֵר חָרֵב:

When does the above apply? When its foundations are not ruined or its walls are not leaning perilously. However, if its foundation is destroyed or its walls are leaning perilously, it should be destroyed immediately (152) states that this applies even if the community does not have another place to pray. and [then, efforts to] rebuild it should be begun immediately throughout the day and night lest times become difficult and it remain destroyed. 3b relates that Rav Ashi saw a dangerous flaw in the synagogue of Mata Machsia. He ordered the building destroyed and then took his bed into the ruins to make sure that the community would rebuild it quickly. He did not remove his bed until the final fixtures of the building were completed.

מֻתָּר לַעֲשׂוֹת בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ. אֲבָל בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ אָסוּר לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת. שֶׁקְּדֻשַּׁת בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ יְתֵרָה עַל קְדֻשַּׁת בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת וּמַעֲלִין בַּקֹּדֶשׁ וְלֹא מוֹרִידִין. וְכֵן בְּנֵי הָעִיר שֶׁמָּכְרוּ בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת יֵשׁ לָהֶן לִקַּח בְּדָמָיו תֵּבָה. מָכְרוּ תֵּבָה יֵשׁ לָהֶן לִקַּח בְּדָמֶיהָ מִטְפָּחוֹת אוֹ תִּיק לְסֵפֶר תּוֹרָה. מָכְרוּ מִטְפָּחוֹת אוֹ תִּיק לוֹקְחִים בְּדָמָיו חֻמָּשִׁים. מָכְרוּ חֻמָּשִׁין לוֹקְחִין בְּדָמָיו סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה. אֲבָל אִם מָכְרוּ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה אֵין לוֹקְחִין בְּדָמָיו אֶלָּא סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה אַחֵר שֶׁאֵין שָׁם קְדֻשָּׁה לְמַעְלָה מִקְּדֻשַּׁת סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה. וְכֵן בְּמוֹתָרֶיהָ:

It is permitted to transform a synagogue into a house of study. 27a describes a house of study as "a great house," "a house where Torah is developed." However, it is forbidden to transform a house of study into a synagogue because the sanctity of a house of study exceeds that of a synagogue 3:3). See also Chapter 8, Halachah 3; Hilchot Talmud Torah 4:9. and one must proceed to a higher rung of holiness, 153:11 states that even according to those opinions, the permission to do so is after the fact (בדיעבד), but not a priori. but not descend to a lower rung. 21a).Similarly, the inhabitants of a city 26b explains that this only applies to a synagogue in a village as explained in Halachah 16. who sold a synagogue 153:3, however, presents as להתחילה (a priori), the possibility of selling an article of lesser sanctity in order to purchase an article of greater sanctity.The sale of a synagogue is a complicated matter. See Halachot 16-20 and also the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 153:7 and commentaries. may purchase an ark with the proceeds. emphasizes that a synagogue may only be sold for such a purchase if there is another synagogue in the city. If they sold an ark, they may purchase a mantle or a case 10:4 describes the sanctity of these ritual articles. for a Torah scroll with the proceeds. If they sold a mantle or a case, they may buy chumashim referred to a scroll on which only one of the five books of Moses was written. Since it contained only one book, its holiness was on a lower level than that of a complete Torah scroll. with the proceeds. If they sold chumashim, they may buy a Torah scroll with the proceeds. If they sold a Torah scroll, the proceeds may only be used to purchase another Torah scroll, 10:2, where the Rambam writes:It is forbidden for a person to sell a Torah scroll even if he has nothing to eat. [It is even forbidden] to sell an old scroll in order to purchase a new one. A Torah scroll should never be sold except for [one of] two purposes, so that one can use the money to study Torah or in order to marry.Perhaps here the Rambam is speaking about a question that arose after the fact, once the Torah scroll has already been sold, while in Hilchot Sefer Torah, he is describing an a priori condition. Alternatively, he may be referring to circumstances where the new Torah scroll has already been written and all that is necessary is to pay for it. In such a case, one may sell an old Torah scroll (Rabbenu Manoach, Hilchot Sefer Torah). for there is no level of holiness above that of a Torah scroll. (loc. cit.), the Rambam writes, "A kosher Torah scroll should be treated with special holiness and great honor."The same [laws apply] to [any money] which remains. to purchase a Torah scroll and some of the proceeds from the sale remained, those monies should not be used to purchase anything on a lower level of holiness.

וְכֵן אִם גָּבוּ הָעָם מָעוֹת לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ אוֹ לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת אוֹ לִקְנוֹת תֵּבָה אוֹ מִטְפָּחוֹת וְתִיק אוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה וְרָצוּ לְשַׁנּוֹת כָּל מַה שֶּׁגָּבוּ. אֵין מְשַׁנִּין אוֹתָן אֶלָּא מִקְּדֻשָּׁה קַלָּה לִקְדֻשָּׁה חֲמוּרָה מִמֶּנָּה. אֲבָל אִם עֲשׂוּ מַה שֶּׁגָּבוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת וְהוֹתִירוּ מְשַׁנִּין הַמּוֹתָר לְכָל מַה שֶּׁיִּרְצוּ. וְכָל כְּלֵי בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת כְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת. פָּרֹכֶת שֶׁעַל הָאָרוֹן שֶׁמַּנִּיחִים בּוֹ הַסְּפָרִים כְּמִטְפְּחוֹת הַסְּפָרִים. וְאִם הִתְנוּ עֲלֵיהֶם הֲרֵי הֵן כְּפִי הַתְּנַאי:

Similar [principles apply] if a congregation collected money to build a house of study or a synagogue or to purchase an ark, a mantle or a case [for a Torah scroll], or a Torah scroll, and desired to change [the purpose for which] all the [funds] had been [originally] collected.It is forbidden to change [the purpose for which the funds will be used] 8:11 mentions an exception to this principle:If the inhabitants of a city collected money for the construction of a synagogue and a matter involving a mitzvah arises, they may use the money for it. If they already bought stones and beams, they should not sell them for the sake of another mitzvah, except for the redemption of captives.The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 153:6) states that a synagogue - and even a Torah scroll - may be sold for the purpose of supporting Torah studies or for other needs associated with mitzvot. Nevertheless, this measure should only be taken when there is no other way to cover these expenses (Mishnah Berurah 153:24). See also Siftei Cohen (Yoreh De'ah 252:1) which explains that one is only allowed to sell a synagogue for such purposes if the buyer will continue to have it used as a synagogue. except from a matter of lesser sanctity to one of greater sanctity. 26b).The Turei Zahav (Orach Chayim 153:2) explains that money collected for the purchase of religious articles does not possess the sanctity of those articles. However, since the donors intended that the money be used to purchase religious articles, its use is constrained by the terms of an implicit vow that it be used for this purpose. Despite this limitation, the congregation may use these funds for another purpose associated with a mitzvah and substitute other funds to accomplish the purpose for which these funds were originally collected. (Note the Magen Avraham 153:5, who does not accept the latter conclusion.)The Be'ur Halachah (153) supports the Turei Zahav's position based on Hilchot Beit HaBechirah 1:20, which states that a sacred utensil made with the intent that it be used in the Temple is not considered as "sacred" until it has actually been used for its intended purpose. However, if [the congregation] accomplished the purpose for which they had [originally] collected [the funds], they may use the remainder for whatever they desire. 27a mentions this leniency based on the principle that the money itself does not have the sanctity of the religious articles for whose purchase it was donated, but is merely designated to be used for their purchase. (153:14) states that these funds can be used for any purpose of benefit to the community, even if it has no association with a sacred article. However, there are authorities who require the money to be used to purchase an article which has some degree of sanctity. All the components of a synagogue 3:1) are considered like the synagogue itself. 8:6, the Rambam writes:If someone donates a light or a candle to a synagogue, it is forbidden to exchange it [for something else]. If [the sale] concerns a matter which is a mitzvah, it may be exchanged.... If the name of the donor has been forgotten, it is permitted to exchange [the object] even for a mundane matter.In Hilchot Sefer Torah 10:4, the Rambam states that the platform "has no sanctity at all." However, this statement should be interpreted to mean that the platform is not considered a "sacred article" like the others mentioned in that halachah. The curtain hanging before the ark (the movable ark) or the heichal (the fixed ark). Rabbenu Nissim interprets the reference as to be to the tevah. is considered like the mantle of a Torah scroll. 26b). If a condition was made concerning them, the terms of the condition are binding.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁמֻּתָּר לִמְכֹּר בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת, בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת שֶׁל כְּפָרִים שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ אֶלָּא עַל דַּעַת בְּנֵי הַכְּפָר לְבַדָּם שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהֶם לְהִתְפַּלֵּל בּוֹ שֶׁאִם רָצוּ כֻּלָּם לְמָכְרוֹ מֻתָּרִין. אֲבָל בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת שֶׁל כְּרַכִּין הוֹאִיל וְעַל דַּעַת כָּל אַנְשֵׁי הָעוֹלָם נַעֲשָׂה שֶׁיָּבוֹא וְיִתְפַּלֵּל בּוֹ כָּל הַבָּא אֶל הַמְּדִינָה נַעֲשָׂה שֶׁל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֵין מוֹכְרִין אוֹתוֹ לְעוֹלָם:

When do the above statements permitting the sale of a synagogue apply? In regard to a synagogue in a village. Since it was constructed for the sake of the inhabitants of that village alone, 153:7). so that they can pray inside it, 153:25 explains that the main determinant is not the size of the village, but whether the synagogue is also frequented by people from the outside. According to this understanding, a synagogue in a small village where large trade fairs are held is bound by the same laws as the synagogues of a large city. By the same token, a synagogue used by a private group of people in a large city may be comparable to a village synagogue. An example of such a case, cited by the Mishnah Berurah, is the custom once common that craftsmen of different professions would build synagogues for themselves. they are permitted to sell it if they all desire to do so. 153:24.In contrast, a synagogue in a metropolis, since it was constructed for the sake of all the people in the world, [i.e.,] so that anyone who comes to that country can come and pray in it, 26a). it is considered as [the property] of [the entire] Jewish people and it can never be sold. 153:12 relates that if a synagogue in a city is no longer used for prayer, it may be sold. Based on this decision, the Rabbis (See Iggeret Moshe, Orach Chayim, Vol. I, 50) have permitted the sale of synagogues located in neighborhoods no longer inhabited by Jews.

בְּנֵי הַכְּפָר שֶׁרָצוּ לִמְכֹּר בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת שֶׁלָּהֶן אוֹ לִבְנוֹת בְּדָמָיו בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת אַחֵר אוֹ לִקְנוֹת בְּדָמָיו תֵּבָה אוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה צְרִיכִין לְהַתְנוֹת עַל הַלּוֹקֵחַ שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲשׂוֹת אוֹתוֹ לֹא מֶרְחָץ וְלֹא בֻּרְסְקִי. וְהוּא הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁמְּעַבְּדִין בּוֹ אֶת הָעוֹרוֹת. וְלֹא בֵּית הַטְּבִילָה וְלֹא בֵּית הַמַּיִם. וְאִם הִתְנוּ שִׁבְעָה טוֹבֵי הָעִיר בְּמַעֲמַד אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר בִּשְׁעַת מְכִירָה שֶׁיְּהֵא הַלּוֹקֵחַ מֻתָּר לַעֲשׂוֹת בּוֹ כָּל אֵלּוּ מֻתָּר:

The inhabitants of a village who desire to sell their synagogue in order to build another synagogue with the money, or to buy an ark or Torah scroll with the money, must establish as a condition [of the sale] that the purchaser not use the building for a bathhouse, a leatherworks, a mikveh, or a laundry. 27b. He also offers an alternate translation, "a latrine." The Kessef Mishneh favors the translation "laundry" since the prohibition against using the synagogue as a latrine is self-evident. Nevertheless, in his Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 153:9), Rav Yosef Karo mentions a latrine, but not a laundry.The sanctity of the synagogue is transferred to the money received from its sale and the building itself is no longer considered as "holy." Nonetheless, using the premises for such purposes is considered degrading.As support for the prohibition against using premises that had previously served as a synagogue for such purposes, the Or Sameach cites II Chronicles 8:11: "I will not have a woman dwelling in the house of David... for the [places] where the ark of God has come are holy." Although the ark had already been placed in the Temple, it was not becoming to the ark for Pharaoh's daughter to be allowed to live in a place where it had been kept.If, at the time of the sale, the seven officials of the community made a condition in the presence of the entire community 153:7) states that a public announcement of the sale is sufficient for it to be considered as if all the inhabitants of the city were present. that the purchaser be allowed to use the building for the above purposes, he may. 26a,b states that the restriction against selling a synagogue for an unbecoming purpose does not apply when the building was sold by the communal officials in the presence of the community. When it is sold in this manner, it can be "used even as a tavern."The Meiri explains the rationale for this decision as follows: Even if an explicit statement was not made to the effect that the synagogue could be used for an unbecoming purpose, it is understood that the village's inhabitants consecrated the synagogue with the understanding that it be subject to the decisions of the community's officials. Therefore, they have the right to sell the synagogue for whatever purposes they wish.The Ra'avad objects to the Rambam's decision and maintains that the license granted by Megillah (loc. cit.) only applies to the money received from the sale, while the building that was used as a synagogue can never be used for a purpose which is unbecoming. Though the Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.) quotes the Rambam's view, the Be'ur Halachah suggests following the Ra'avad's decision, quoting the law (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 21:2), which forbids using a tallit for an unbecoming purpose even after its tzitzit have been removed.Rav Moshe Feinstein (Responsa, Orach Chayim, Vol. II, 45) mentions this halachah in regard to the sale of synagogues in neighborhoods where Jews no longer live. Unfortunately, the natural clients for the purchase of an abandoned synagogue are churches. Rav Moshe states that selling a synagogue for use as a church is definitely forbidden. Using a synagogue for such purposes is more demeaning than using it for the purposes mentioned by the Talmud. He maintains that even according to the Rambam, selling a synagogue for this purpose could not be permitted.

וְכֵן אִם הִתְנוּ שִׁבְעָה טוֹבֵי הָעִיר בְּמַעֲמַד אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר עַל מוֹתַר הַדָּמִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ חֻלִּין הֲרֵי הֵן חֻלִּין. וּכְשֶׁלּוֹקְחִין הַדָּמִים וּבוֹנִין מֵהֶן בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת אַחֵר אוֹ שֶׁיִּקְנוּ מֵהֶם תֵּבָה אוֹ מִטְפָּחוֹת וְתִיק אוֹ חֻמָּשִׁין אוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה הַשְּׁאָר יְהֵא חֻלִּין כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִתְנוּ וְיַעֲשׂוּ בָּהֶן מַה שֶּׁיִּרְצוּ:

Similarly, if the seven officials of the community made a condition in the presence of the entire community that [after the community accomplished the purpose for which they sold the synagogue], the remainder of the funds could be used for mundane purposes, they may be used for such purposes. (Orach Chayim 153:7) accepts the opinion of Rashi, the Ra'avad, and Rabbenu Asher, who differ with the Rambam and maintain that the entire proceeds from the sale of a synagogue can be used for mundane purposes if the sale was carried out in the above manner.In his Kessef Mishnah, Rav Yosef Karo explains the difference between these positions as follows. These authorities do not accept the Rambam's interpretation of Megillah 26a-b mentioned in the previous Halachah, and maintain that a certain measure of sanctity always remains in the synagogue. The Rambam maintains that the sanctity is transferred to the money received for the synagogue. Therefore, the condition made by the city officials can never effect the entire sum of money. Rather, the major portion must always be used for a sacred object.[Interestingly, in his Kessef Mishnah, Rav Yosef Karo points out the advantages of the Rambam's position. However, in hisShulchan Aruch, he accepts the decisions of the other authorities.] Thus, after the money has been used for building another synagogue, for purchasing an ark, a mantle or case [for a Torah scroll], chumashim, or a Torah scroll, the remainder may be used for mundane purposes in accordance with their condition, and may be used for whatever they please. 27a describes such a situation and states that the remainder of the funds may be used even to hire a messenger for the city.

וְכֵן אִם קִבְּלוּ עֲלֵיהֶן כָּל אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר אוֹ רֻבָּם אָדָם אֶחָד. כָּל מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה עָשׂוּי וְהוּא מוֹכֵר וְנוֹתֵן לְבַדּוֹ כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁיִּרְאֶה וְיַתְנֶה כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁיִּרְאֶה:

Similarly, if all the inhabitants of a city - or a majority of them 153:35 which states that this applies only when the inhabitants of the city donated the money for the synagogue's construction themselves and accepted the authority of the person involved from the beginning of the synagogue's construction. - accept [the authority of] a single individual, whatever actions he takes [in regard to a synagogue] are binding. 26a relates:Rav Ashi said: "Even though people from all over the world come into the synagogue of Mata Machsia to pray, since the people donated the money for its construction subject to my decisions, allowing me to do what I want, I am permitted to sell it if I so desire."He may sell [the synagogue] - as mentioned in the previous halachot He may sell [the synagogue] or give [it as a gift] alone,, loc. cit.) disagree, stating that the sale must be made with the consent of the community. as he sees fit, and establish whatever conditions he desires.

כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמֻּתָּר לָהֶם לִמְכֹּר בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת כָּךְ נוֹתְנִין אוֹתוֹ בְּמַתָּנָה. שֶׁאִלּוּ לֹא הָיָה לָהֶם לַצִּבּוּר הֲנָיָה בְּמַתָּנָה זוֹ לֹא נְתָנוּהוּ. אֲבָל לֹא מַשְׂכִּירִין אוֹתוֹ וְלֹא מְמַשְׁכְּנִין אוֹתוֹ. וְכֵן כְּשֶׁסּוֹתְרִין בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת לִבְנוֹתָן מֻתָּרִין לִמְכֹּר וּלְהַחֲלִיף וְלָתֵת בְּמַתָּנָה הַלְּבֵנִים וְהָעֵצִים וְהֶעָפָר שֶׁלָּהֶן. אֲבָל לְהַלְווֹתָן אָסוּר שֶׁאֵין הַקְּדֻשָּׁה עוֹלָה מֵהֶן אֶלָּא בְּדָמִים אוֹ בַּהֲנָיָה שֶׁהִיא כְּדָמִים:

Just as it is permitted to sell a synagogue, it is permitted to give it away as a present. 153:26 states that the gift must be made by the community officials in the presence of the inhabitants of the village. However, the Pri Megadim does not require these conditions. Since the Rambam equates giving the synagogue as a present to a sale, it is not likely that he would make such limitations.Megillah 26b states, "a gift is like a sale," because If the community had not received any benefit from giving it as a gift, it would not have given it. 9:9.The Ritbah states that even when the community has not yet received any benefit from a person, it may give him a synagogue in the expectation of receiving such benefit. However, it cannot be rented or given as security., Chapters 6 and 7.]When a synagogue is sold, its sanctity is transferred to the money received for it and does not remain within the building itself. However, if a synagogue was rented or given as security, there is nothing to which the sanctity is transferred. Hence, it remains within the building and the person who rents it or receives it as security is forbidden to use it for his own purposes.Note the Ramah (Orach Chayim 153:11) who states that the prohibition only applies when the person who receives the synagogue wants to use it for mundane purposes. If he continues to use it as a synagogue there is no difficulty.Similarly, when a synagogue is being torn down so that it can be rebuilt, - Note Halachah 12 which states that the new synagogue must be built before the old one is torn down.Similarly, when a synagogue is being torn down so that it can be rebuilt, it is permitted to sell the bricks, timber, and soil, exchange them, 153:68) or give them as gifts. However, it is forbidden to lend them, (Orach Chayim 153:11) states that this prohibition applies even when the loan is made by the community officials in the presence of the community.Though the community officials have the power to nullify the sanctity of a synagogue as mentioned in Halachot 17 and 18, that provision only applies when they do so completely. In this instance, since the building materials have to be returned, their sanctity is not nullified. Hence, no one has the right to lend them to anyone for mundane use. since their sanctity only departs in return for money or benefit which is equivalent to money. (the second tithe) or articles dedicated to the Temple (הקדש).

רְחוֹבָהּ שֶׁל עִיר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָעָם מִתְפַּלְּלִין בּוֹ בְּתַעֲנִיּוֹת וּבְמַעֲמָדוֹת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַקִּבּוּץ רַב וְאֵין בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת מְכִילִין אוֹתָן אֵין בּוֹ קְדֻשָּׁה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא עַרְאַי וְלֹא נִקְבַּע לִתְפִלָּה. וְכֵן בָּתִּים וַחֲצֵרוֹת שֶׁהָעָם מִתְקַבְּצִין בָּהֶם לִתְפִלָּה אֵין בָּהֶם קְדֻשָּׁה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא קָבְעוּ אוֹתָם לִתְפִלָּה בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא עַרְאַי מִתְפַּלְּלִים בָּהֶן כְּאָדָם שֶׁמִּתְפַּלֵּל בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ:

Although the people pray in a city's main street on fast days 4:1 states:On each of the seven days of fasting for rain... the ark is taken out to the main street of the city and the entire populace gather together wearing sackcloth. Ashes are placed on the ark and the Torah scroll... and each person places [ashes] on his head.and ma'amadot, - The mention of ma'amadot in this context in Megillah 26a (the source for this halachah), and here, in the Mishneh Torah, has raised questions. In Hilchot Klei HaMikdash 6:1-2, the Rambam describes the ma'amadot as follows:The early prophets ordained that honest people who fear sin should be chosen to stand over the sacrifices. They are called anshei ma'amad. They were divided into 24 different watches....Each week, the anshei ma'amad of that watch would gather together. Those who lived in Jerusalem or close to it would come to the Temple.... Those who lived far away... would gather together in the synagogues of their locale.In no source other than Megillah (loc. cit.) is it mentioned that the anshei ma'amad would pray in the street. and ma'amadot, because too many people gather to fit within a synagogue, 16a which states that the people would pray in the street as an expression of shame and embarrassment; alternatively, because leaving one's normal place of prayer is a form of exile which brings atonement. Interestingly, the Rambam ignores both these reasons and offers a reason which is not mentioned in previous sources. [the street] does not possess any quality of sanctity, because [praying there is only a temporary measure] and it is not established as a place of prayer. Similarly, buildings and courtyards where people gather to pray do not possess any measure of sanctity, because they were not designated for prayer alone. Rather, [people] pray within them as a temporary measure, as a person prays within his home. 153:8 mentions a situation in which a building is designated as a synagogue temporarily, for merely a limited period. During that time, it has the holiness of a synagogue. However, once it is no longer used as a synagogue, it has no holiness.