Mishneh Torah — Prayer & Priestly Blessing הִלְכוֹת תְּפִלָּה וּבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים, Chapter 5

שְׁמוֹנָה דְּבָרִים צָרִיךְ הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל לְהִזָּהֵר בָּהֶן וְלַעֲשׂוֹתָן. וְאִם הָיָה דָּחוּק אוֹ נֶאֱנַס אוֹ שֶׁעָבַר וְלֹא עָשָׂה אוֹתָן אֵין מְעַכְּבִין. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן. עֲמִידָה. וְנֹכַח הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. וְתִקּוּן הַגּוּף. וְתִקּוּן הַמַּלְבּוּשִׁים. וְתִקּוּן הַמָּקוֹם. וְהַשְׁוָיַת הַקּוֹל. וְהַכְּרִיעָה. וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה:

A person who prays must be careful to tend to [the following] eight matters. [However,] if he is pressured, confronted by circumstances beyond his control, or transgresses and does not attend to one them, they are not of absolute necessity., but, do not disqualify the prayer if they were not tended to.The Lechem Mishneh points out that even Chapter 4 refers to certain actions which were only problematic לכתחילה, such as burping and sneezing. Nevertheless, they are included in that chapter because, from a topical perspective, it is more appropriate to discuss them within the context of the general categories mentioned there. They are: 1) standing;2) facing the Temple;3) preparation of his body;4) proper clothing;5) proper place;6) control of his voice;7) bowing; and8) prostration.

עֲמִידָה כֵּיצַד. אֵין מִתְפַּלֵּל אֶלָּא מְעֻמָּד. הָיָה יוֹשֵׁב בִּסְפִינָה אוֹ בַּעֲגָלָה אִם יָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד יַעֲמֹד. וְאִם לָאו יֵשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וְיִתְפַּלֵּל. חוֹלֶה מִתְפַּלֵּל אֲפִלּוּ שׁוֹכֵב עַל צִדּוֹ וְהוּא שֶׁיָּכוֹל לְכַוֵּן אֶת דַּעְתּוֹ. וְכֵן הַצָּמֵא וְהָרָעֵב הֲרֵי הֵן בִּכְלַל חוֹלִים אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ יְכלֶת לְכַוֵּן אֶת דַּעְתּוֹ יִתְפַּלֵּל וְאִם לָאו אַל יִתְפַּלֵּל עַד שֶׁיֹּאכַל וְיִשְׁתֶּה. הָיָה רוֹכֵב עַל הַבְּהֵמָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מִי שֶׁיֹּאחַז בְּהֶמְתּוֹ לֹא יֵרֵד אֶלָּא יֵשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וְיִתְפַּלֵּל כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא דַּעְתּוֹ מְיֻשֶּׁבֶת עָלָיו:

Standing: What is implied?[Generally,] one should pray only while standing. 30a, Tur, Orach Chayim 98).Indeed, the term Amidah - (lit. "standing") is used to refer to the Shemoneh Esreh because of this requirement. (See Soferim 16:12.) [Thus,] a person sitting in a boat or in a carriage, if able to stand, should do so;). if not, he may sit in his place and pray. 30a relates a difference of opinion among the Sages whether it is preferable to recite one's prayers early, before the desired time so that one can stand during Shemoneh Esreh or whether one should set out on a journey in a boat or carriage and pray at the appropriate time even though one will not be able to stand.From this discussion, we may conclude that, under these circumstances, it is acceptable for one to remain seated during the Shemoneh Esreh if doing so will contribute to one's ability to concentrate.A person who is ill may pray even while lying on his side, 2:2 which relates that one may recite the Shema lying on one's side, but not lying on one's back. provided he is able to have the proper intention. relates that Rashi was accustomed not to pray when he was ill. Similarly, one who is thirsty or hungry is considered as one who is ill. 5:1) that one in discomfort should not pray as the source for this halachah. [Therefore,] if he is able to concentrate properly he should pray. If not, he should not pray until he has eaten or drunk. 101) and siddurim are commonly available (See ibid. 9:3).One riding an animal should not descend [from the animal] 30a mentions opinions which require one to descend in this instance, however, the accepted view is... - even if he has someone to hold his animal. Rather, he should sit in his place and pray so his mind will be settled..

נֹכַח הַמִּקְדָּשׁ כֵּיצַד. הָיָה עוֹמֵד בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מַחֲזִיר פָּנָיו נֹכַח אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִתְפַּלֵּל. הָיָה עוֹמֵד בָּאָרֶץ מְכַוֵּן אֶת פָּנָיו כְּנֶגֶד יְרוּשָׁלַיִם. הָיָה עוֹמֵד בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם מְכַוֵּן פָּנָיו כְּנֶגֶד הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. הָיָה עוֹמֵד בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ מְכַוֵּן פָּנָיו כְּנֶגֶד בֵּית קֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים. סוּמָא וּמִי שֶׁלֹּא יָכוֹל לְכַוֵּן אֶת הָרוּחוֹת וְהַמְהַלֵּךְ בִּסְפִינָה יְכַוֵּן אֶת לִבּוֹ כְּנֶגֶד הַשְּׁכִינָה וְיִתְפַּלֵּל:

Facing the Temple: What is implied?A person standing in the Diaspora should face Eretz Yisrael and pray. 30a explains that this is derived from King Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the Temple (I Kings 8:48 : "...and they will pray to You towards their land."One standing in Eretz Yisrael should face Jerusalem., ibid.).One standing in Jerusalem should face the Temple.).The Talmud (ibid.) also relates:Rav Avin... said: What is implied by the verse: "Your neck is like the tower of David built with turrets (תלפיות) (Song of Songs 4:4 ."? A hill (תל) to which all mouths (פיות) turn."Thus, the Temple is called תל פיות, the hill to which all mouths turn in prayer.One standing in the Temple should face the Holy of Holies. (ibid.) concludes: "Thus, all of Israel direct their hearts towards one place." (See also the commentary to Chapter 1, Halachah 3.)A blind person, one who is unable to determine direction, or one travelling in a boat should direct his heart towards the Divine Presence). and pray. 4:5), the Rambam explains that one should imagine himself facing the Holy of Holies in the Temple.

תִּקּוּן הַגּוּף כֵּיצַד. כְּשֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בִּתְפִלָּה צָרִיךְ לְכַוֵּן אֶת רַגְלָיו זוֹ בְּצַד זוֹ וְנוֹתֵן עֵינָיו לְמַטָּה כְּאִלּוּ הוּא מַבִּיט לָאָרֶץ. וְיִהְיֶה לִבּוֹ פָּנוּי לְמַעְלָה כְּאִלּוּ הוּא עוֹמֵד בַּשָּׁמַיִם וּמַנִּיחַ יָדָיו עַל לִבּוֹ כְּפוּתִין הַיְמָנִית עַל הַשְּׂמָאלִית וְעוֹמֵד כְּעֶבֶד לִפְנֵי רַבּוֹ בְּאֵימָה בְּיִרְאָה וָפַחַד. וְלֹא יַנִּיחַ יָדָיו עַל חֲלָצָיו:

The preparation of one's body: What is implied?When one stands in prayer, he should place his feet together side by side. 10b quotes Ezekiel 1:7 which describes the angels as standing in the following manner: "And their feet are a straight foot." Therefore, when praying, we place our feet together in order to appear as angels - those expert in praising God. He should set his eyes downwards as if he is looking at the ground, and his heart upwards as if he is standing in Heaven. 105b relates:Rav Chiya and Rabbi Shimon bar Rebbe were sitting together. One of them opened the conversation and said: One praying should set his eyes downwards, as [I Kings 9:3] states: "And my eyes and my heart were there all the days" (i.e., towards the land of Israel and set downwards because of the presence of the Shechinah).The other said that one's eyes should be pointed upwards, as [Eichah 3:41] states: "Let us lift up our hearts with our hands [towards God in Heaven]."Rabbi Yishmael, the son of Rabbi Yossi, came and asked them what they were doing. They answered that they were discussing the Amidah. He [Rabbi Yishmael] said: My father said: One praying should set his eyes downwards and his heart upwards in order to fulfill both of those verses.His hands should be resting on his heart - Shabbat 10a relates: "Ravvah threw off his cloak, clasped his hands together and prayed like a servant before his master."His hands should be resting on his heart, with the right hand clasped over the left hand. 2:4.) He should stand like a servant before his master,, Chapter 6), in his commentary on Berachot 10b quoted above, explains that placing our hands and feet together is a statement of absolute dependence on God. We demonstrate that we are neither able to move to our desired place, nor to act with our hands as we wish. In this way, we show how we are totally given over to His service, as a servant who has no independent existence of his own. in fear, awe, and dread. 30b bases this on Psalms 2:11: "And you shall serve God in fear." He should not rest his hand on his hips [during the Amidah]. 24b. The Hagahot Maimoniot explains that such a position conveys an attitude of irreverance. For similar reasons, it is forbidden to lean on anything during the Amidah.

תִּקּוּן הַמַּלְבּוּשִׁים כֵּיצַד. מְתַקֵּן מַלְבּוּשָׁיו תְּחִלָּה וּמְצַיֵּן עַצְמוֹ וּמְהַדֵּר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר הִשְׁתַּחֲווּ לַה׳‎ בְּהַדְרַת קֹדֶשׁ. וְלֹא יַעֲמֹד בִּתְפִלָּה בַּאֲפוּנְדָתוֹ, וְלֹא בְּרֹאשׁ מְגֻלֶּה, וְלֹא בְּרַגְלַיִם מְגֻלּוֹת אִם דֶּרֶךְ אַנְשֵׁי הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא יַעַמְדוּ בִּפְנֵי הַגְּדוֹלִים אֶלָּא בְּבָתֵּי הָרַגְלַיִם. וּבְכָל מָקוֹם לֹא יֶאֱחֹז תְּפִלִּין בְּיָדוֹ וְסֵפֶר תּוֹרָה בִּזְרוֹעוֹ וְיִתְפַּלֵּל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלִּבּוֹ טָרוּד בָּהֶן. וְלֹא יֶאֱחֹז כֵּלִים וּמָעוֹת בְּיָדוֹ. אֲבָל מִתְפַּלֵּל הוּא וְלוּלָב בְּיָדוֹ בִּימוֹת הֶחָג מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מִצְוַת הַיּוֹם. הָיָה מַשּׂוֹי עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וְהִגִּיעַ זְמַן תְּפִלָּה אִם הָיָה פָּחוֹת מֵאַרְבָּעָה קַבִּין מַפְשִׁילוֹ לַאֲחוֹרָיו וּמִתְפַּלֵּל בּוֹ. הָיָה אַרְבָּעָה קַבִּין מַנִּיחוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִתְפַּלֵּל. דֶּרֶךְ כָּל הַחֲכָמִים וְתַלְמִידֵיהֶם שֶׁלֹּא יִתְפַּלְּלוּ אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהֵן עֲטוּפִים:

Proper clothing: What is implied?One should adjust his clothing and make himself neat and presentable before [praying], as [implied by Psalms 29:2]: "They bow to God in resplendent holiness."One 30b relates that, on the basis of this verse, Rav Yehudah would adjust his clothes before praying. should not pray wearing [only] his undershirt, 9:5, which defines that term as the undergarment worn to collect perspiration, in order that one's outer garments remain fresh. Others explain that it refers to a money belt. bareheaded, 14:15 states that one may not utter God's name with his head uncovered. (See also Shabbat 155b.) "One praying must stand with his feet together and cover his head as one standing before the king" (Zohar, Va'etchanan 260b). or barefoot 10a relates: "Ravvah bar Rav Huna put on fine shoes and then prayed. He said: 'Prepare to meet your God, Israel' (Amos 4:12 ."The Rambam does not mention the source of these halachot or the verse from Amos. Rather, he cites the verse in Psalms, which may be understood as producing a halachah that is more subjective in nature, dependent on the commonly accepted rules of etiquette. - if it is the custom of the people of that place). to stand before their most respected people 91:5.Both the Mishnah Berurah and Aruch Hashulchan mention this idea in regard to wearing a hat and require one to do so during the Amidah if this is the usual way people present themselves. with shoes. In all places, one should not hold tefillin in his hand or a Sefer Torah in his arms during the Amidah, since he will worry about them. 23b). [Similarly,] one should not hold utensils or money in his hand. (ibid) states: "A knife, money, a plate, and a loaf of bread are like them (i.e., like the Sefer Torah and tefillin)." Rashi explains that in these instances as well, one will fear that they will fall and injure him or become lost or ruined.Based on Rashi's statements, there are authorities who rule that a person may hold an object which would not present a danger or causes worry if it falls, e.g., a notebook. Rabbenu Yonah, however, forbids the holding of any object except the lulav, which is explicitly mentioned in the Talmud. This is also the position of Terumat Hadeshen. (Even according to the latter view, one may hold a prayerbook.)Shulchan Aruch HaRav (Orach Chayim 96:1) rules that one may also hold other objects (in line with Rashi's position), but states that the optimum manner of performing the mitzvah is not to hold anything, so that his hands may be clasped together over his heart, as the Rambam mentions in Halachah 4. However, he may pray while holding his lulav on Sukkot, 41b relates that Rav Ashi would pray with his lulav in his hand. since it is the commandment of the day.If one is carrying a burden of less than four kabbim on his head 105b. See our commentary on Chapter 4, Halachah 6, for the modern equivalent of a kav. when the time for the Amidah arrives, he should throw it over his shoulder and pray. If it is larger than four kabbim, he should place it on the ground and then pray.It is customary for all Sages and their students to pray only when wrapped in a tallit. 10a relates that Rav Kahana would wrap himself in a tallit and pray. Ta'anit 20a also tells of Nakdimon ben Gurion, who when praying in the Holy Temple for rain, "wrapped himself in a tallit and stood to pray."In Hilchot Tzitzit 3:11, the Rambam writes: "It is a great disgrace for a Torah scholar to pray without being wrapped in his tallit."

תִּקּוּן הַמָּקוֹם כֵּיצַד. יַעֲמֹד בְּמָקוֹם נָמוּךְ וְיַחֲזִיר פָּנָיו לַכֹּתֶל. וְצָרִיךְ לִפְתֹּחַ חַלּוֹנוֹת אוֹ פְּתָחִים כְּנֶגֶד יְרוּשָׁלַיִם כְּדֵי לְהִתְפַּלֵּל כְּנֶגְדָּן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל ו יא) ״וְכַוִּין פְּתִיחָן לֵהּ בְּעִלִּיתֵהּ״ וְגוֹ׳‎. וְקוֹבֵעַ מָקוֹם לִתְפִלָּתוֹ תָּמִיד. וְאֵין מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּחֻרְבָּה וְלֹא אֲחוֹרֵי בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הֶחֱזִיר פָּנָיו לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת. וְאָסוּר לֵישֵׁב בְּצַד הָעוֹמֵד בִּתְפִלָּה אוֹ לַעֲבֹר לְפָנָיו עַד שֶׁיַּרְחִיק מִמֶּנּוּ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת:

Proper place: What is implied?One should stand in a low place 10b bases this law on the premise, "there is no loftiness before God, as [Psalms 130:1] states: 'From the depths, I call out to you, God.'” and turn his face towards the wall. 5b bases this law on Isaiah 38:2: "And Chizkiyahu turned his face towards the wall and prayed."In his responsa, the Rambam explains that the intent of this law is that one should not have anything before him that will disrupt his concentration on the Amidah. (See Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 90)The Shulchan Aruch and the Ramah (Orach Chayim 90:21) discuss this concept. Among their conclusions are that people do not constitute a separation between a person praying and the wall, nor do small objects less than 10 handbreadths (approximately 80 centimeters) tall. Also, one should open windows or doors 31a states "A person should always pray in a house with windows."In his responsum, the Rambam mentions that this halachah applies only to a house, as explicitly mentioned in the Talmud and not necessarily to a synagogue. However, the Beit Yosef (ibid.) quotes the Zohar (Vol. II, p. 251a), which requires a synagogue to have 12 windows, which correspond to the 12 seraphim in the Heavenly Court. He also quotes this law in his Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 90:4).Rashi (Berachot 34b) explains that windows are an aid to concentration, as one looks heavenward and is humbled. Rabbenu Yonah suggests that the light has a calming effect, allowing one to concentrate on his prayers. that face Jerusalem and pray opposite them, as [Daniel 6:11] states: "...and he had windows open in his room facing Jerusalem."A person should establish a fixed place where he always prays. 6b states: "Anyone who establishes a fixed place for his prayer will be assisted by the God of Abraham." Abraham is mentioned because, as can be inferred from Genesis 19:27, he had a fixed place for prayer.The Jerusalem Talmud, Berachot 4:4, states that even in a synagogue, a person should have a fixed place for prayer and should not move from place to place.The Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 90:19 quotes this law. The Magen Avraham adds that within four cubits (approx. six feet) of one's place is also considered acceptable, since it is impossible to be in exactly the same spot at all times. Therefore, a person who finds a colleague sitting in one's place in the synagogue, may pray within four cubits of his place. This is preferable to embarrassing the person sitting in his seat, who might very well be a visitor and not be aware of which seats are occupied by regular congregants. One should not pray in a destroyed building, 3a):Rabbi Yossi said: Once I was walking on the road and I entered one of the destroyed buildings of Jerusalem in order to pray. Eliyahu [the Prophet] of blessed memory came and waited for me by the entrance until I had finished praying.After I finished my prayer, he greeted me: "Peace unto you, Rebbe."I replied to him: "Peace unto you, Rebbe and teacher."He asked me: "My son, why did you enter this destroyed building?"I answered him: "To pray."He told me: "You should have prayed in the road."The Talmud mentions that one should never enter a destroyed building on any account. Nevertheless, since the Talmud made this statement regarding Rabbi Yossi's prayer, the Rambam teaches the laws concerning destroyed buildings here in Hilchot Tefillah (Kessef Mishneh). nor [should one pray] behind a synagogue, unless he turns his face towards the synagogue. 6b states: "Anyone praying behind a synagogue is called wicked,... this applies only when he faces away from the synagogue, but if he faces the synagogue there is no problem."Rashi (in Berachot 6b) states that by facing away from the synagogue when one prays, one appears to deny God who is worshiped within. Therefore, even if facing the synagogue requires one to turn away from Jerusalem, it is desirable.Tosafot, Eruvin 18b, explains that this refers to a person standing on the side of the door facing away from the synagogue, and thus towards the opposite direction of those worshipping inside. Therefore, he must simply turn the other way and solve the problem. Hagahot Maimoniot suggests that “behind a synagogue” may even refer to standing on the side of the synagogue and looking away.The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 90:7) mentions all these possibilities and rules that one should refrain from praying in any of these places.It is forbidden to sit down next to someone in the midst of the Amidah 31b refers to Chanah's prayers for a son and her subsequent remarks to Eli, the priest: "I am the woman who stood here with you" (I Samuel 1:26 . This verses indicates that Eli, as well as Chanah, was standing at the time.Rabbenu Yonah also mentions that this applies only to a person sitting idly, but one studying or reciting the Shema need not worry and may continue to sit. or to pass in front of him, 27a) explains that this refers only to "in front of him," but not to the side.The Magen Avraham (Orach Chayim 102:5) points out that the Zohar (Parshat Chayei Sarah) mentions that passing on the side is also forbidden.The Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 102:5 mentions a practical application of this halachah:If one completes his Amidah when a colleague is praying behind him, he is forbidden from taking his three steps [backwards] until the person behind him finishes his Amidah. Were he to [step backwards], he is like one passing before another in the midst of the Amidah. One must be especially careful in this, even if the last one began his Amidah after the first person. except at a distance of four cubits.

לֹא יַעֲמֹד בְּמָקוֹם גָּבוֹהַּ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים אוֹ יוֹתֵר וְיִתְפַּלֵּל. וְלֹא עַל גַּבֵּי מִטָּה וְלֹא עַל גַּבֵּי סַפְסָל וְלֹא עַל גַּבֵּי כִּסֵּא. הָיָה בִּנְיָן גָּבוֹהַּ אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַל אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת שֶׁהוּא שִׁעוּר הַבַּיִת הֲרֵי הוּא כַּעֲלִיָּה וּמֻתָּר לְהִתְפַּלֵּל בּוֹ. וְכֵן אִם הָיָה מֻקָּף מְחִצּוֹת מִכָּל רוּחוֹתָיו אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַל אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מֻתָּר לְהִתְפַּלֵּל בּוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין גָּבְהוֹ נִכָּר שֶׁהֲרֵי חָלַק רְשׁוּת לְעַצְמוֹ:

One should not stand in a place three or more handbreadths high. Based on the principle of lavud, anything lower than three handbreadths is considered to be part of the ground itself. and pray. 10b mentions this and the following laws within the context of the requirement to pray in a low place stated in the previous halachah. [Similarly, he should not pray while standing] on a bed, bench, or chair. (Orach Chayim 90) quotes Rabbi Yitzchak Abuhav as suggesting that it is forbidden to pray while standing on these objects even if they are less than three handbreadths high. Even at this low height, a person may be unable to concentrate out of fear that he might fall.The Prisha (Orach Chayim 90) maintains that it is unlikely that a person would fear falling from such a low height and offers a different rationale. He explains that these objects constitute a separation between the person and the ground. In the Temple, the sacrificial service could be performed only while one was standing directly on the ground. Therefore, our prayers must be recited in a similar manner.A raised platform that has a surface area of four cubits by four cubits which is the [minimum] size of a house, is considered like an attic. Thus, one is permitted to pray there. points out that on the basis of this halachah, the leader of the congregation often stands on a raised platform in the synagogue in order that he be heard by all the congregants. Similarly, if it is surrounded by walls, even if it is not four cubits by four cubits, one may pray there, since its height is not noticeable, because it constitutes an area unto itself.

הָאֻמָּנִין שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹשִׂין מְלָאכָה בְּרֹאשׁ הָאִילָן אוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ הַנִּדְבָּךְ אוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ הַכֹּתֶל וְהִגִּיעַ זְמַן תְּפִלָּה יוֹרְדִין לְמַטָּה וּמִתְפַּלְּלִין וְחוֹזְרִין לִמְלַאכְתָּן. וְאִם הָיוּ בְּרֹאשׁ הַזַּיִת אוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ הַתְּאֵנָה מִתְפַּלְּלִין בִּמְקוֹמָן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁטָּרְחָן מְרֻבֶּה. וּמַה הֵן מִתְפַּלְּלִין. אִם הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין בִּסְעֻדָּתָן בִּלְבַד מִתְפַּלְּלִין שָׁלֹשׁ תְּפִלּוֹת שֶׁל תִּשְׁעָה עָשָׂר בְּרָכוֹת. הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין בִּשְׂכָרָן מִתְפַּלְּלִין הֲבִינֵנוּ. וּבֵין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ אֵין יוֹרְדִין לִפְנֵי הַתֵּבָה וְאֵין נוֹשְׂאִין אֶת כַּפֵּיהֶן:

Craftsmen working at the top of a tree, or on top of a board 2:4, the Rambam explains the meaning of the word נדבך as follows:The custom of those building a wall of earth (as opposed to bricks or stones) was to set up two large boards of wood and throw the earth in between them. They would pack it tight with wooden tools until it had the shape of a wall, and then tie [the two boards together.] Afterwards, they would remove the boards from the structure they had built...בראש הנדבך means "on top of the wall at the time that they are packing (the earth) between the boards that are called נדבכים." or wall when the time of the Amidah arrives must descend in order to pray, 16a) contrasts the Shema which these individuals may recite in their places and prayer, which requires that they descend. The difference is that, in the Shema, intense concentration is only required when reciting the first verse, while the entire Shemoneh Esreh should be recited with such intention. Hence, it is likely that in such precarious positions, the fear of falling will prevent a person from maintaining his concentration for this prolonged period. See also Hilchot Kri'at Shema, Chapter 2, Halachah 4. and then return to their work. If they were at the top of an olive or fig tree, they may pray where they are, because of the excessive effort [involved in descending]. 16a differentiates between these trees and those of other species. Rashi explains that the danger of falling from these trees is minimal because of their thick branches, and, therefore, one may stand there firmly and pray.The Rambam, based on the Jerusalem Talmud, Berachot 2:5, explains that the wide branches make the descent problematical, and, therefore, the workers may pray in the trees themselves.What is it that they pray? If they are working for meals alone, they recite three prayers of 19 blessings. (ibid.) arrives at this differentiation based on an apparent contradiction between two beraitot, one stating that workers must recite the entire Amidah, and the other stating that the abridged version is sufficient.Those working for daily wages are in effect paid by the hour and must use their time for their employer in the fullest manner possible. In contrast, implicit in an agreement to work for meals is that a high rate of productivity is not expected from such a worker. Hence, he is granted greater leniency. If they are working for wages, they recite "Give us understanding.", discussed in Chapter 2, Halachot 2-4. In either case, they do not lead the congregation 16a) also agrees that this applies even to one working for meals. or lift up their hands [to bless the people]. he should not bless the people during the repetition of the Amidah. Rather, he should pray and then return to his work at the earliest possible time.

הַשְׁוָיַת הַקּוֹל כֵּיצַד. לֹא יַגְבִּיהַּ קוֹלוֹ בִּתְפִלָּתוֹ וְלֹא יִתְפַּלֵּל בְּלִבּוֹ אֶלָּא מְחַתֵּךְ הַדְּבָרִים בִּשְׂפָתָיו וּמַשְׁמִיעַ לְאָזְנָיו בְּלַחַשׁ. וְלֹא יַשְׁמִיעַ קוֹלוֹ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה חוֹלֶה אוֹ שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְכַוֵּן אֶת לִבּוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּשְׁמִיעַ קוֹלוֹ, הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא בְּצִבּוּר כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תִּטָּרֵף דַּעְתָּן מִקּוֹלוֹ:

Control of one's voice: What is implied?A person should not raise his voice during his Amidah, 31a explains that these laws are derived from the description of Channah's prayer (I Samuel 1:13 : "Channah spoke unto her heart, only her lips moved, but her voice was not heard." nor should he pray silently. 4:1, states that the phrase, "only her lips moved," implies that she was speaking, not only thinking to herself. Rather, he should pronounce the words with his lips, whispering in a tone that he can hear. 32b relates: "Why did they decree that the Amidah must be whispered? In order that those who have transgressed will not be embarrassed."Rashi explains that transgressors confess their sins before God during the Amidah, and, therefore, the Sages ruled that the entire Amidah should be recited in a hushed tone so that people would not feel embarrassed to confess.He should not make his voice audible. This clause teaches that one should not even speak in a normal tone of voice.Both of these laws are based on Berachot 24b:One who makes his voice audible during the Amidah is among those of little faith (i.e., he seems to indicate that it is necessary to speak loudly in order that God should hear him - Rashi).One who raises his voice in the Amidah is among the false prophets. (Rashi explains that this is based on I Kings 18:28, which describes the actions of the false prophets of Ba'al: "And they called out loudly.")Lechem Yehudah notes that the mention of both these halachot is somewhat unnecessary. The prohibition of making one's voice audible alone would appear to be sufficient. However, since that prohibition is lifted on occasion as explained below, the Rambam mentioned also the first law which is followed regardless of the circumstances involved. unless he is sick or cannot concentrate otherwise. (ibid.) mentions that it can be relaxed in this eventuality. In such a case, it is permitted except when in a congregation, lest the others be disturbed by his voice. 101 allows an exception to this rule on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. On these days, people devote more concentration to their prayers. Also, they generally pray from a prayerbook. Therefore, they are less likely to be disturbed by someone else's voice. Nevertheless, the Magen Avraham notes that the Zohar suggests praying in a hushed tone even on these days.

כְּרִיעָה כֵּיצַד. הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל כּוֹרֵעַ חָמֵשׁ כְּרִיעוֹת בְּכָל תְּפִלָּה וּתְפִלָּה. בִּבְרָכָה רִאשׁוֹנָה בַּתְּחִלָּה וּבַסּוֹף. וּבְהוֹדָיָה בַּתְּחִלָּה וּבַסּוֹף. וּכְשֶׁגּוֹמֵר הַתְּפִלָּה כּוֹרֵעַ וּפוֹסֵעַ שָׁלֹשׁ פְּסִיעוֹת לַאֲחוֹרָיו. וּכְשֶׁהוּא כּוֹרֵעַ נוֹתֵן שָׁלוֹם מִשְּׂמֹאל עַצְמוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מִימִין עַצְמוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַגְבִּיהַּ רֹאשׁוֹ מִן הַכְּרִיעָה. וּכְשֶׁהוּא כּוֹרֵעַ בְּאַרְבַּע הַכְּרִיעוֹת כּוֹרֵעַ בְּבָרוּךְ וּכְשֶׁהוּא זוֹקֵף זוֹקֵף בַּשֵּׁם. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּהֶדְיוֹט. אֲבָל כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל כּוֹרֵעַ בִּתְחִלַּת כָּל בְּרָכָה וּבְסוֹף כָּל בְּרָכָה. וְהַמֶּלֶךְ כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁחָה בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה אֵינוֹ מַגְבִּיהַּ רֹאשׁוֹ עַד שֶׁגּוֹמֵר כָּל תְּפִלָּתוֹ:

Bowing: are intended to express the concept of complete abnegation of self (See Tanya, Chapters 39 and 42). What is implied?One praying bows five times in each and every Amidah:In 34a relates that a person who bows at any other time should be taught to discontinue his practice. the first blessing, at the beginning and at the end;in the blessing of thanks,. at the beginning and at the end; andupon completing the Amidah, one bows and takes three steps backwards points out that one should begin his three steps backwards with his left foot, in order that his right foot be the last to withdraw from before God. while bowing. 53b mentions that Rav Chiya, the son of Rav Huna, saw that Ravva and Abbaye took three steps backwards in the midst of a prolonged bow. He takes leave (ibid.) states: "A person who prays must take three steps backwards and then take his leave. Anyone who does not do this is better not to have prayed at all" from his left and afterwards, from his right. Then, he lifts his head up from the bowed position.When he bows the [other] four times, he does so at [the utterance of the word] "Blessed" and straightens up when [reciting] G‑d's name. 12a explains the latter law based on Psalms 146:8: "God straightens those bent over."The Maharal (Netiv Ha'avodah, Chapter 10) explains that this reflects how God is the source of all life and He grants man the power to act. To whom does the above apply? To an average person. However, the High Priest bows at the beginning and end of each and every blessing. 34a, b and neither corresponds to the Rambam's text. See Kessef Mishneh. A king bows at the beginning [of the Amidah] and does not lift his head until he completes his whole Amidah. (ibid.) bases this statement on I Kings 8:54: "And so it was when Solomon completed praying to God..., he rose from kneeling before the Altar of God."Rashi explains that the High Priest and King bow down more because a person who occupies a position of greatness must lower and subjugate himself before God. The Maharal (ibid.) mentions that bowing is a natural response to one's feelings of closeness to God. Therefore, these two men, closer than others to God, bowed more frequently.

וְלָמָּה נוֹתֵן שָׁלוֹם לִשְׂמֹאלוֹ תְּחִלָּה. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁשְּׂמֹאלוֹ הוּא יָמִין שֶׁכְּנֶגֶד פָּנָיו. כְּלוֹמַר כְּשֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ נוֹתֵן שָׁלוֹם לִימִין הַמֶּלֶךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ לִשְׂמֹאל הַמֶּלֶךְ. וְקָבְעוּ שֶׁיִּפָּטֵר מִן הַתְּפִלָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּפְטָרִין מִלִּפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ:

Why should one take leave from the left first? Because one's left is to the right [side] 53b relates:One should take leave from the right and then from the left, as [Deuteronomy 33:2] states: "From His right [came] a fiery teaching for them," and [Deuteronomy 33:2] states: "From His right [comes] a fiery teaching for them."of His countenance - Rashi, Yoma (ibid.) explains that during prayer, one must envision himself standing before the Divine Presence. Thus, his right side is actually opposite God's left, so to speak. of His countenance; i.e., just like when one stands before a king, he takes leave from the right of the king, and then afterwards from the left of the king. Thus, they established that one should withdraw from the Amidah in the same manner as he withdraws from before a king.

כָּל הַכְּרִיעוֹת הָאֵלּוּ צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּכְרַע בָּהֶן עַד שֶׁיִּתְפַּקְּקוּ כָּל חֻלְיוֹת שֶׁבַּשִּׁדְרָה וְיַעֲשֶׂה עַצְמוֹ כְּקֶשֶׁת. וְאִם שָׁחָה מְעַט וְצִעֵר עַצְמוֹ וְנִרְאֶה כְּכוֹרֵעַ בְּכָל כֹּחוֹ אֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ:

All these bows require that one bow until the vertebrae in his spine protrude and he makes himself like a bow. (ibid.) states that one should bow until he could see a coin placed opposite his heart. The Rashba explains that this refers to a coin that would be placed on the ground opposite one's heart. Thus, one should not bend over completely, but rather curve his back such that he can see the ground.However, if one bows slightly [to the extent that] it causes him pain and he appears to have bowed with all of his power, he need not worry. (ibid.) states:Rabbi Chanina says: "One need not do more than nod his head."Ravva commented: "This is the case if it causes him pain, as long as he appears as one who is bowing."

הִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה כֵּיצַד. אַחַר שֶׁמַּגְבִּיהַּ רֹאשׁוֹ מִכְּרִיעָה חֲמִישִׁית יֵשֵׁב לָאָרֶץ וְנוֹפֵל עַל פָּנָיו אַרְצָה וּמִתְחַנֵּן בְּכָל הַתַּחֲנוּנִים שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. כְּרִיעָה הָאֲמוּרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם עַל בִּרְכַּיִם. קִידָה עַל אַפַּיִם. הִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה זֶה פִּשּׁוּט יָדַיִם וְרַגְלַיִם עַד שֶׁנִּמְצָא מֻטָּל עַל פָּנָיו אַרְצָה:

Prostration, what is implied?After one lifts his head from the fifth bow, he sits on the ground, falls with his face towards the earth, and utters all the supplications 22b relates that the custom of falling to the earth in supplication was followed in Babylonia in Talmudic times.The Tur, Orach Chayim 131, explains that the reason for prostrating oneself after Shemoneh Esreh is that by doing so, one prays in all three positions of prayer employed by Moses:sitting (during the verses of Praise), - "...and I sat on the mountain 40 days and 40 nights" (Deuteronomy 9:9), standing (during Shemoneh Esreh) - "And I stood on the mountain as on the first day for 40 days and 40 nights" (Deuteronomy 10:10), prostration - "And I fell down before God, as at first, for 40 days and 40 nights" (Deuteronomy 9:25).The Zohar (Parshat BaMidbar) explains that after prayer, a person should feel as if he has returned his soul to God and has no life-energy left. Thus, he falls to the ground where he receives new spiritual power. that he desires., the Rambam writes: "It is our custom to make supplication while prostrated with these statements and verses; sometimes, mentioning them all and sometimes, mentioning only some of them."Thus, though there was a basic text for these prayers (which is, to a large extent, included in the extended Tachanun recited on Mondays and Thursdays), what a person actually said was still left to his own creative impulse.There are two different versions of תחנון today. The תחנון of Nusach Ha'ari is based on Psalm 25, whereas that of Nusach Ashkenaz and Nusach Sefard is based on Psalm 6."Kneeling" always refers to [falling to] one's knees; 22b derives this law from I Kings 8:54: "And so it was when Solomon completed his Prayer to God... that he rose from kneeling on his knees." "bowing," to bending over on one's face;). and "prostration," to stretching out on one's hands and feet until he is flat with his face on the ground.).The definition of these three terms is important within the context of the following halachah.

כְּשֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה נְפִילַת פָּנִים אַחַר תְּפִלָּה יֵשׁ מִי שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה קִידָה וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה הִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה. וְאָסוּר לַעֲשׂוֹת הִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה עַל הָאֲבָנִים אֶלָּא בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּהִלְכוֹת עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים. וְאֵין אָדָם חָשׁוּב רַשַּׁאי לִפּל עַל פָּנָיו אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הוּא יוֹדֵעַ בְּעַצְמוֹ שֶׁהוּא צַדִּיק כִּיהוֹשֻׁעַ. אֲבָל מַטֶּה פָּנָיו מְעַט וְאֵינוֹ כּוֹבֵשׁ אוֹתָן בַּקַּרְקַע. וּמֻתָּר לְאָדָם לְהִתְפַּלֵּל בְּמָקוֹם זֶה וְלִפּל עַל פָּנָיו בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר:

When uttering the supplication. In Hebrew, the Rambam uses the term נפילת אפים, which means literally "falling on the face." However, this translation is employed since the intent of "falling on one's face" is to recite these supplications. after the Amidah, there are those who bow and there are those who prostrate themselves. 22b indicates that this variance in custom existed even in Talmudic times.It is interesting that in Halachah 13, the Rambam mentioned only histachavah, prostrating oneself, as the proper method for נפילת אפים. Perhaps, he considered it the most preferable position.It is forbidden to prostrate oneself on stones except in the Holy Temple, as we have explained in Hilchot Avodat Kochavim., Negative Commandment 12.The Rambam also notes that prostration was permitted in the Temple, since the above verse mentioned only "your land". Similarly, because of this prohibition, it is customary to lie rugs or mats on top of the stone floors in most synagogues.An important person is not permitted to fall on his face unless he is certain that he is as righteous as Yehoshua. (ibid.) relates:An important person is not permitted to fall on his face unless he will be answered like Yehoshua bin Nun, as [Joshua 7:10] states: "God said to Yehoshua: 'Get up and go. Why is it that you have fallen on your face?'”Rashi explains that a person of stature would be subjected to ridicule if his prayer were not answered as Yehoshua's was.The Jerusalem Talmud, Ta'anit 2:6, restricts the application of this Halachah. According to one version, the limitation exists only to יחיד על הציבור (an individual who is praying on behalf of the community). Another version states יחיד בציבור (an individual in a congregation).In these cases, there might be cause for embarrassment if he was not answered. However, there is no such restriction when an individual prays by himself. See also Tosafot, Megillah (ibid.). Rather, he should tilt his face slightly, but not press it to the ground. (ibid.) derives this law from the actions of Ravvah and Abbaye, who followed this practice instead of falling to the ground in accordance with the above rule.The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 131:8) rules in accordance with the Rambam. The Ramah adds that no one should prostrate himself on the floor even if it is not stone. Therefore, the custom today is that everyone rests their heads on their arms while reciting Tachanun.One may pray in one place and offer this supplication in another maintains that this can be derived from the following narrative in Megillah (ibid.). Rav came to a synagogue in Babylonia, but did not fall to the ground after the Shemoneh Esreh as they did. One of the explanations offered by the Talmud for his behavior is that there was a stone floor in front of Rav, but not in front of the other congregants. The Talmud then asks: "Why didn't Rav move to their place?", obviously implying that one may offer this supplication in a place other than one's place of prayer.

מִנְהָג פָּשׁוּט בְּכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין נְפִילַת אַפַּיִם בְּשַׁבָּתוֹת וּבְמוֹעֲדִים וְלֹא בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְלֹא בְּרָאשֵׁי חֳדָשִׁים וּבַחֲנֻכָּה וּבְפוּרִים וְלֹא בְּמִנְחָה שֶׁל עַרְבֵי שַׁבָּתוֹת וְיָמִים טוֹבִים וְלֹא בְּעַרְבִית שֶׁבְּכָל יוֹם. וְיֵשׁ יְחִידִים שֶׁנּוֹפְלִים עַל פְּנֵיהֶם בְּעַרְבִית. וּבְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים בִּלְבַד נוֹפְלִים עַל פְּנֵיהֶם בְּכָל תְּפִלָּה וּתְפִלָּה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא יוֹם תְּחִנָּה וּבַקָּשָׁה וְתַעֲנִית:

It is an accepted custom among the entire Jewish people not to utter the supplication on Sabbaths or festivals. Nor [does one utter it] on Rosh Hashanah, Rosh Chodesh, Chanukah or Purimor in Minchah on the eve of Sabbaths or holidays, - when the festive nature of these days can already be felt. or in Minchah on the eve of Sabbaths or holidays, nor in the Evening Prayer of any day. (Orach Chayim 131) explains that we refrain from reciting Tachanun at night for mystic reasons. Tachanun relates to the aspect of stern judgement which is also identified with the night. It is not proper to combine both aspects of judgement together. There are [however,] individuals who do utter the supplication in the Evening Prayer. on Megillah 23b discusses the various customs regarding the utterance of נפילת אפים. Rav Sar Shalom mentions that, although it is not his custom, there are some people who do נפילת אפים after מעריב.On Yom Kippur only, one utters the supplication prayer in every prayer, since it is a day of supplication, requests, and fasting. of the Musaf prayers (Ma'aseh Rokeach).