Mishneh Torah — Sabbath (Shabbat) הלכות שבת, Chapter 23

הָעוֹשֶׂה נֶקֶב שֶׁהוּא עָשׂוּי לְהַכְנִיס וּלְהוֹצִיא כְּגוֹן נֶקֶב שֶׁבְּלוּל הַתַּרְנְגוֹלִין שֶׁהוּא עָשׂוּי לְהַכְנִיס הָאוֹרָה וּלְהוֹצִיא הַהֶבֶל הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מַכֶּה בְּפַטִּישׁ. לְפִיכָךְ גָּזְרוּ עַל כָּל נֶקֶב אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה עָשׂוּי לְהוֹצִיא בִּלְבַד אוֹ לְהַכְנִיס בִּלְבַד שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא לַעֲשׂוֹת נֶקֶב שֶׁחַיָּבִין עָלָיו. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה אֵין נוֹקְבִין בְּחָבִית נֶקֶב חָדָשׁ וְאֵין מוֹסִיפִין בּוֹ. אֲבָל פּוֹתְחִין נֶקֶב יָשָׁן. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה הַנֶּקֶב לְמַטָּה מִן הַשְּׁמָרִים שֶׁאִם הָיָה לְמַטָּה מִן הַשְּׁמָרִים הֲרֵי זֶה עָשׂוּי לְחַזֵּק וְאָסוּר לְפָתְחוֹ:

A person who makes a hole that can be used as an entrance and as an exit - e.g., a hole in a chicken coop that is used to allow light to enter and to allow foul air to leave - is liable [for performing the forbidden labor] of dealing [the final] hammer blow.Accordingly, [the Sages instituted] a decree [forbidding] the opening of any hole, even one intended to be used only as an outlet or only as an inlet, lest one open a hole for which one is liable. For this reason, it is forbidden to make a new hole in a cask or to widen an existing one. (Orach Chayim 314:1) states that this restriction applies only when the person has the intent to widen the hole. If he does not have this intent, there is no prohibition. As an example, that text mentions a knife inserted into a barrel, even though the hole may be widened when the knife is removed; since that is not one's intent, there is no prohibition involved. The Ramah emphasizes, however, that this leniency applies only when it is not a certainty (פסיק רישא) that the hole will be opened further. One may, however, open an existing hole [that has been plugged]. (loc. cit.:3) quotes the opinion of the Kolbo, which states that this leniency applies only regarding barrels of earthenware. A hole made in a wooden barrel which is tightly plugged may not be opened.[The above leniency applies] provided the hole is not located below the level of the dregs [in the cask], 146a mentions three levels where holes might be made: a) a hole above the level of the wine. This is intended merely to protect the fragrance of the wine.b) a hole in the middle of the wine. Since the wine is not entirely above the hole, it needed not be fastened so tightly. This is the subject of the present clause.c) a hole below the dregs. This is the subject of the following clause. for a hole made below the level of the dregs is intended to hold fast. [Therefore,] it is forbidden to open it.

נוֹקְבִין מְגוּפָה שֶׁל חָבִית לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנָּה יַיִן וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְּנַקְּבֶנָּהּ מִלְּמַעְלָה אֲבָל מִצִּדָּהּ אָסוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְתַקֵּן כְּלִי. שׁוֹבֵר אָדָם אֶת הֶחָבִית לֶאֱכל מִמֶּנָּה גְּרוֹגָרוֹת וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִתְכַּוֵּן לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּלִי. וּמֵבִיא אָדָם חָבִית שֶׁל יַיִן וּמַתִּיז אֶת רֹאשָׁהּ בְּסַיִף לִפְנֵי הָאוֹרְחִין וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. שֶׁאֵין כַּוָּנָתוֹ אֶלָּא לְהַרְאוֹת נְדִיבַת לִבּוֹ:

One may make a hole in the seal of a cask in order to pour out wine from it, provided one opens it from the top.:6). It is, however, forbidden to open it from the side [of the seal],). Significantly, this represents a reversal of the Rambam's approach in his Commentary on the Mishnah (Shabbat 22:3), where he mentions making a hole in the side of the barrel. for this resembles making a utensil.A person may break a barrel (loc. cit.:1) states that it is forbidden to break a complete barrel. Just as one is liable for performing the forbidden labor of building when fashioning a vessel, one is liable for performing the forbidden labor of demolishing when destroying one. Although one is not liable unless one breaks the barrel as a constructive act, even when one's intent is destructive, doing so is forbidden by Rabbinic decree (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 314:1; Mishnah Berurah 314:7). There are, however, later authorities who follow the Rambam's ruling, which permits destroying a utensil if one does not fashion it into a different utensil in the process. to eat dried figs contained in it, provided he does not intend to make a utensil. 146a). Similarly, a person may bring a cask of wine and slash its top off with a sword 314:24). for his guests 314:25 states that this leniency applies only when guests are present. without any concern [about the above restrictions], for his intent is [not to make a utensil, but solely] to show his feelings of generosity.

וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאָסוּר לִפְתֹּחַ כָּל נֶקֶב כָּךְ אָסוּר לִסְתֹּם כָּל נֶקֶב. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לִסְתֹּם נֶקֶב הֶחָבִית וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּדָבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְמָרֵחַ וְאֵינוֹ בָּא לִידֵי סְחִיטָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁיִּסְתֹּם בְּקֵיסָם אוֹ בִּצְרוֹר קָטָן. אֲבָל אִם הִנִּיחַ שָׁם אֹכֶל כְּדֵי לְהַצְנִיעוֹ וְנִמְצָא הַנֶּקֶב נִסְתָּם מֻתָּר. וּמֻתָּר לְהַעֲרִים בְּדָבָר זֶה:

Just as it is forbidden to open any hole, so too, is it forbidden to close any hole. Therefore, it is forbidden to close a hole in a barrel, even when one employs an article that need not be spread, or one that will not lead to squeezing - e.g., to plug it with a piece of wood or with a small stone. (Orach Chayim 314:11) follows the opinion of Rabbenu Asher and others, who maintain that one is allowed to close a barrel with a stone or a piece of wood, provided that one does not close it when wine is flowing out. The later authorities (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 314:20; Mishnah Berurah 314:47), however, differ, and rule that the Rambam's decision should be followed.One may, however, store food [by placing it the opening of the barrel]. This is permitted even though, in the process, the barrel is stopped up. It is permitted to act with guile in this matter. 139b, many other authorities, including the Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.), grant this leniency only to a Torah Sage, but not to a common person. Moreover, since Torah Sages of the caliber of those of the Talmudic era do not exist at present, there are authorities who do not permit this leniency at all in the present era.

כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא גְּמַר מְלָאכָה חַיָּב עָלָיו מִשּׁוּם מַכֶּה בְּפַטִּישׁ. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה הַגּוֹרֵר כָּל שֶׁהוּא אוֹ הַמְתַקֵּן כְּלִי בְּאֵיזֶה דָּבָר שֶׁיְּתַקֵּן חַיָּב. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לְהַשְׁמִיעַ קוֹל שֶׁל שִׁיר בְּשַׁבָּת בֵּין בִּכְלֵי שִׁיר כְּגוֹן כִּנּוֹרוֹת וּנְבָלִים בֵּין בִּשְׁאָר דְּבָרִים. אֲפִלּוּ לְהַכּוֹת בְּאֶצְבַּע עַל הַקַּרְקַע אוֹ עַל הַלּוּחַ אוֹ אַחַת כְּנֶגֶד אַחַת כְּדֶרֶךְ הַמְשׁוֹרְרִים אוֹ לְקַשְׁקֵשׁ אֶת הָאֱגוֹז לְתִינוֹק אוֹ לְשַׂחֵק בּוֹ בְּזוֹג כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁתֹּק כָּל זֶה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ אָסוּר גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְתַקֵּן כְּלֵי שִׁיר:

[Performing] any action that completes the fashioning [of an object] causes one to be liable for [the forbidden labor of] dealing the final blow. For this reason, a person who files [the smallest amount of an object] or who repairs an article in any way is liable.Accordingly, it is forbidden to sound musical tones on the Sabbath, whether using a musical instrument - e.g., a harp or a lyre - or using another object. It is even forbidden to tap with one's fingers on the ground or on a board,, which states that one may knock on a door, because this is not a musical tone. Although there are stringent opinions, common practice is to follow the more lenient view. to snap one's fingers rhythmically 339:9. (See also the Be'ur Halachah, which mentions that some versions of the Mishneh Torah omit the Hebrew word או. According to this version, the meaning would be "to bang rhythmically on a board as singers do.") as singers do, (ibid.), which cites authorities who interpret the phrase "rhythmically as singers do" as an exclusion. These opinions maintain that snapping one's fingers to catch a colleague's attention is not forbidden. Nevertheless, it is common practice to act stringently and not to snap one's fingers at all. to shake a nut [like a rattle] for a child, or to ring a bell to quiet [a child]. All of these [restrictions were instituted as] a decree, lest one repair a musical instrument.

אֵין מְסַפְּקִין וְלֹא מְרַקְּדִין וְאֵין מְטַפְּחִין בְּשַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְתַקֵּן כְּלֵי שִׁיר. וּלְסַפֵּק כִּלְאַחַר יָד מֻתָּר. אֵין שָׁטִין עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְתַקֵּן חָבִית שֶׁל שַׁיָּטִין. בְּרֵכָה שֶׁבֶּחָצֵר מֻתָּר לָשׁוּט בְּתוֹכָהּ שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּא לַעֲשׂוֹת חָבִית שֶׁל שַׁיָּטִין וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהּ שָׂפָה מֻקֶּפֶת שֶׁלֹּא יֵעָקֵר מִמֶּנָּה הַמַּיִם. כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הֶכֵּר וְהֶפְרֵשׁ בֵּינָהּ וּבֵין הַיָּם:

We may not drum, nor dance, nor clap hands on the Sabbath. 339:3), who states that it is customary to allow clapping one's hands and dancing on the Sabbath and holidays. The rationale for this leniency is that today most people are not able to repair a musical instrument, and thus the rationale for our Sages' decree is no longer applicable.It must, however, be noted that this leniency is granted only with regard to dancing and clapping hands, not playing drums or performing any of the activities mentioned in the previous halachah. Even dancing and clapping hands is allowed only in rejoicing associated with a mitzvah (Mishnah Berurah 339:10). [These are] decrees, [instituted] lest one repair a musical instrument. One may, however, clap using the back of one's hands.One may not swim in water. [This is] a decree, instituted lest one make a float. It is permitted to swim in a pool in one's courtyard, 339:4). provided the pool has an edge jutting up so that the water does not flow out of it. This serves as a distinguishing factor between a pool and the sea.

אֵין חוֹתְכִין שְׁפוֹפֶרֶת שֶׁל קָנֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְתַקֵּן כְּלִי. הָיְתָה חֲתוּכָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְתֻקֶּנֶת מֻתָּר לְהַכְנִיסָהּ בְּנֶקֶב הֶחָבִית בְּשַׁבָּת לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנָּה יַיִן וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא יְתַקֵּן. וְאָסוּר לְהַנִּיחַ עָלֶה שֶׁל הֲדַס וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ בְּתוֹךְ הַנֶּקֶב שֶׁל חָבִית כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּקַלֵּחַ אֶת הַיַּיִן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּעוֹשֶׂה מַרְזֵב בְּשַׁבָּת. וְאֵין שׁוֹבְרִין אֶת הַחֶרֶס וְאֵין קוֹרְעִין אֶת הַנְּיָר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְתַקֵּן כְּלִי:

One may not cut a reed, since this resembles preparing a utensil. If [a reed] is cut [before the commencement of the Sabbath], even though it has not been adjusted, 314:5). it may be inserted into a hole in the barrel on the Sabbath. We are not concerned that one might adjust it.It is forbidden to place a myrtle leaf or the like in the opening of a cask so that the wine will flow through it, since this resembles making a faucet.). on the Sabbath. 146b), who explain that the reason for this decree is concern that one might pick a leaf on the Sabbath to use for this purpose. According to that opinion, if before the commencement of the Sabbath one has available many leaves that have been picked, one may use them for this purpose.In the Kessef Mishneh, Rav Yosef Karo defends the Rambam's ruling, and he quotes it in the Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.). The Ramah, however, quotes Rabbenu Asher's view. We may not break a shard or tear a piece of paper, and others cite Beitzah 4:4, which states that these items were used as makeshift frying pans. (Note the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah and Hilchot Sh'vitat Yom Tov 4:8.) Rav Kapach, however, raises the question: Since frying is forbidden on the Sabbath, of what use would these articles be? since this resembles preparing a utensil.

זְמוֹרָה שֶׁהִיא קְשׁוּרָה בְּטָפִיחַ מְמַלְּאִין בָּהּ בְּשַׁבָּת. וְאִם אֵינָהּ קְשׁוּרָה אֵין מְמַלְּאִין בָּהּ גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִקְטֹם אוֹתָהּ וְיִתְקָעָהּ. אָסוּר לָחֹף כְּלֵי כֶּסֶף בְּגַרְתָּקוֹן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְלַבְּנָן כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהָאֻמָּנִין עוֹשִׂין וְנִמְצָא כִּמְתַקֵּן כְּלִי וְגוֹמֵר מְלַאכְתּוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת. אֲבָל חוֹפְפִין אוֹתוֹ בְּחוֹל וּבְנֶתֶר. וְכֵן כָּל הַכֵּלִים חוֹפְפִין אוֹתָן בְּכָל דָּבָר. וְאָסוּר לְהָדִיחַ קְעָרוֹת וְאִלְפָּסִין וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְתַקֵּן אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הֱדִיחָן לֶאֱכל בָּהֶן סְעֻדָּה אַחֶרֶת בְּאוֹתָהּ שַׁבָּת. אֲבָל כְּלֵי שְׁתִיָּה כְּגוֹן כּוֹסוֹת וְקִיתוֹנוֹת מֻתָּר לַהֲדִיחָן בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁאֵין קֶבַע לִשְׁתִיָּה. וְאֵין מַצִּיעִין אֶת הַמִּטּוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת כְּדֵי לִישֹׁן עֲלֵיהֶן לְמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת אֲבָל מַצִּיעִין מִלֵּילֵי שַׁבָּת לְשַׁבָּת:

One may draw water using a branch that is tied to the cup [used to draw water from the well]. If it is not tied to the cup, we may not draw water with it. [This is] a decree, [instituted] lest one trim [the branch] and adjust it.It is forbidden to polish silverware with greitikon, because this makes it shine as if it had been treated by a craftsman. Thus, it appears as if one is repairing a utensil and completing one's work on the Sabbath. 50a) and other commentaries differ and state that the prohibition stems from the forbidden labor of removing hair. One may, however, polish it with sand 323:11 and the Mishnah Berurah 323:38, which mention several restrictions regarding the use of sand for this purpose. and neter. 2:1), the Rambam describes neter as a blue pumice stone used for detergent purposes. (See also Hilchot Issurei Bi'ah 9:37.) It must noted that sodium is called natrium in Latin. This has led some to think that the intent is sodium bicarbonate, a natural cleanser. Similarly, all [other] utensils may be polished with any substance.It is forbidden to wash plates, cooking dishes, or the like, because it is as if one is improving them, 323:6. unless one washes them for the sake of using them to eat another meal on this Sabbath. 323:27-28). Utensils used for drinking, by contrast - e.g., glasses and pitchers - may be washed at any time, for there is no limit to [the number of times a person may desire to] drink. 323:6; Mishnah Berurah 323:29).One may not make beds on the Sabbath in order to sleep on them on Saturday night. 302:6, who states that one may make a bed if the disorder in the room makes one extremely uncomfortable. One may, however, make the beds [after sleeping on them] Friday night in order to use them again on the Sabbath.

אָסוּר לְהַטְבִּיל כֵּלִים טְמֵאִין בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְתַקֵּן כְּלִי. אֲבָל אָדָם טָמֵא מֻתָּר לִטְבּל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כְּמֵיקֵר. וְאֵין מַזִּין עָלָיו בְּשַׁבָּת. הַמַּטְבִּיל כֵּלִים בְּשַׁבָּת בְּשׁוֹגֵג יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן. בְּמֵזִיד לֹא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן עַד לְמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת. וּמֻתָּר לְהַטְבִּיל אֶת הַמַּיִם הַטְּמֵאִים בְּשַׁבָּת. כֵּיצַד יַעֲשֶׂה. נוֹתְנָן בִּכְלִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה כְּגוֹן כְּלֵי אֲבָנִים וּמַטְבִּיל הַכֵּלִים בַּמִּקְוֶה עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה מֵי הַמִּקְוֶה עֲלֵיהֶן וְיִטְהָרוּ:

On the Sabbath, it is forbidden to immerse [in a mikveh] utensils that are ritually impure, because it resembles repairing the utensil. 2:2; compare to Hilchot Sh'vitat Yom Tov 4:17). Based on Beitzah 18a, Rabbenu Yitzchak Alfasi and Rabbenu Asher offer other rationales for this prohibition.Note the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 323:7), which mentions a difference of opinion among the Rabbis whether it is permitted on the Sabbath to immerse a vessel that one has purchased from gentiles. The Maggid Mishneh states that according to the Rambam, this would be forbidden. Accordingly, the Pri Megadim questions why the Shulchan Aruch ignores the Rambam's ruling. The Be'ur Halachah, however, differentiates between the immersion of vessels purchased from a gentile and the immersion of impure vessels. An impure person, by contrast, may immerse himself, also contains laws that will be relevant when the Temple is rebuilt, and the observance of all the laws of ritual impurity will be restored. At present this halachah is relevant in the following contexts: Women are permitted to immerse themselves in the mikveh on Friday night (with certain restrictions) and men are allowed to immerse themselves on the Sabbath for the sake of holiness (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 326:7; Mishnah Berurah 326:24). Care, however, must be taken when toweling oneself dry not to squeeze water from the towel.Originally, the license to immerse oneself in the mikveh on the Sabbath was given before it was customary to heat mikvaot. At present, the leniency is continued in most communities, even when the mikveh has been heated. because it appears [as if his intent] is to cool off. One may not sprinkle [ashes from the red heifer] on the Sabbath. 65b) explains that this is forbidden because it is obvious that one's intent is to purify oneself. Rav Kapach, however, points to Pesachim 69a, which states that the prohibition was instituted lest one carry in the public domain.A person who immerses utensils on the Sabbath without knowing of the prohibition involved may use them [on the Sabbath]. If [by contrast,] he violates the prohibition intentionally, he should not use them until Saturday night.It is permitted to immerse impure water on the Sabbath. What should be done? The water should be placed in a container that is not susceptible to contracting ritual impurity 2:2), the Rambam explains that if the utensil contracted ritual impurity, its immersion would be forbidden, since one would be purifying not only the water it contains, but also the utensil itself. - e.g., a container made of stone 1:6. - and the container should be immersed until it is submerged in the waters of the mikveh and thus purified.

אֵין מַגְבִּיהִין תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כִּמְתַקֵּן דָּבָר שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה מְתֻקָּן:

We may not separate terumah or tithes on the Sabbath, may not be separated even if one's intent is to give it to the priest to use on the Sabbath itself. because it appears as if one is repairing an article that requires repair.

מְעַבֵּד מֵאֲבוֹת מְלָאכוֹת הוּא. וְהַמְרַכֵּךְ עוֹר בְּשֶׁמֶן כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהָעַבְּדָנִים עוֹשִׂים הֲרֵי זֶה מְעַבֵּד וְחַיָּב. לְפִיכָךְ לֹא יָסוּךְ אָדָם רַגְלוֹ בְּשֶׁמֶן וְהוּא בְּתוֹךְ הַמִּנְעָל אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ הַסַּנְדָּל הַחֲדָשִׁים. אֲבָל סָךְ הוּא אֶת רַגְלוֹ שֶׁמֶן וְלוֹבֵשׁ מִנְעָלוֹ אוֹ סַנְדָּלוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן חֲדָשִׁים. וְסָךְ כָּל גּוּפוֹ שֶׁמֶן וּמִתְעַגֵּל עַל גַּבֵּי קַטַּבְלִיָא חֲדָשָׁה וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים כְּשֶׁהָיָה הַשֶּׁמֶן מֻעָט כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּצַחְצֵחַ הָעוֹר בִּלְבַד אֲבָל אִם הָיָה בִּבְשָׂרוֹ שֶׁמֶן הַרְבֵּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּרַכֵּךְ הָעוֹר הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְעַבְּדוֹ. וְהַכּל בַּחֲדָשִׁים אֲבָל בִּישָׁנִים מֻתָּר:

Processing leather is one of the categories of [forbidden] labor. notes that the Rambam does not mention Rabbinic prohibitions in connection with the forbidden labors of hunting, slaughtering, and skinning. The commentaries do note, however, that in Chapter 10 the Rambam mentions Rabbinic prohibitions in connection with hunting, and in Chapter 11 Rabbinic prohibitions in connection with slaughtering. A person who softens a hide with oil as the leather-workers do is liable for processing leather. Therefore, a person should not anoint his foot 327:1) writes that at present, it is not common for healthy people to apply oil to themselves. Therefore, it is forbidden to apply any type of oil to oneself on the Sabbath for therapeutic purposes. with oil while wearing a new shoe or sandal. He may, however, anoint his foot with oil and put on his shoes or sandals, even though they are new. Similarly, he may apply oil to his entire body and roll on a new bed cover 26:5). Obviously, this bed-cover is made of leather. The Maggid Mishneh offers a different interpretation. without any concern.When does the above apply? When only a small amount [of oil] is used, enough merely to polish the leather. If, however, he has a large quantity of oil on his skin that would soften the leather, this is forbidden, since this resembles processing it. All [the above restrictions] apply with regard only to new items. It is permitted to do so with old ones. 327:12, which cites opinions that prohibit applying oil to used leather.

הַמְמָרֵחַ רְטִיָּה בְּשַׁבָּת חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מוֹחֵק אֶת הָעוֹר. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין סוֹתְמִין נֶקֶב בְּשַׁעֲוָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהּ שֶׁמָּא יְמָרֵחַ וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּשֻׁמָּן אֵין סוֹתְמִין אֶת הַנֶּקֶב גְּזֵרָה מִשּׁוּם שַׁעֲוָה:

A person who spreads a plaster on the Sabbath is liable for [performing a derivative of the forbidden labor of] smoothing a hide. Therefore, it is forbidden to close a hole with wax and the like, lest one spread it. It is even forbidden to close a hole with fat. [This is] a decree, [enacted] lest [one use] wax.

כּוֹתֵב מֵאֲבוֹת מְלָאכוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לִכְחל בַּפּוּךְ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּכוֹתֵב. וְאָסוּר לִלְווֹת וּלְהַלְווֹת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִכְתֹּב. וְכֵן אָסוּר לִקְנוֹת וְלִמְכֹּר וְלִשְׂכֹּר וּלְהַשְׂכִּיר גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִכְתֹּב. לֹא יִשְׂכֹּר אָדָם פּוֹעֲלִים בְּשַׁבָּת וְלֹא יֹאמַר לַחֲבֵרוֹ לִשְׂכֹּר לוֹ פּוֹעֲלִין. אֲבָל לִשְׁאל וּלְהַשְׁאִיל מֻתָּר. שׁוֹאֵל אָדָם מֵחֲבֵרוֹ כַּדֵּי יַיִן וְכַדֵּי שֶׁמֶן וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יֵאָמֵר לוֹ הַלְוֵינִי:

Writing is one of the categories of [forbidden] labor. Accordingly, it is forbidden to apply eye-paint with a brush and the like on the Sabbath, because this resembles writing. 94b, it would appear that applying eye-paint is associated with the forbidden labor of dyeing. Nevertheless, it would appear that the Rambam and many other Rishonim had a different version of the text, upon which he based his ruling in this halachah.[Similarly,] it is forbidden to give a loan or to take a loan. [These are] decrees, [instituted] lest one write. By the same token, it is forbidden to buy, (Orach Chayim 323), which mentions several leniencies and restrictions regarding the acquisition of foodstuffs on the Sabbath. to sell, 3:11.) to rent, 2:12, which allows one to rent a gentile's property on the Sabbath in order to complete an eruv. or to rent out. [These are all] decrees, [instituted] lest one write.A person should not hire workers on the Sabbath, (Orach Chayim 307:2) offers another rationale for the restriction against hiring workers, the prohibitions stemming from Isaiah 58:13, "If you refrain... from [ordinary] speech" - i.e., that our speech on the Sabbath be distinguished from our speech during the week. The Rambam mentions prohibitions of this nature in Chapter 24. nor should he tell a colleague to hire workers for him. One may, however, borrow and lend [objects]. A person may [even] borrow jugs of wine or jugs of oil from a colleague, provided he does not say "Give me... as a loan." (Orach Chayim 307:11) notes that in languages other than Hebrew, the difference between offering a loan and lending appears as one of semantics. Rather than say "Lend me" or "Give me as a loan," one should say merely "Give me."

אֶחָד הַמּוֹכֵר בַּפֶּה אוֹ בִּמְסִירָה אָסוּר. [וְאָסוּר לִשְׁקל] בֵּין בְּמֹאזְנַיִם בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא בְּמֹאזְנַיִם. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאָסוּר לִשְׁקל כָּךְ אָסוּר לִמְנוֹת וְלִמְדֹּד בֵּין בִּכְלִי מִדָּה בֵּין בַּיָּד בֵּין בְּחֶבֶל:

It is forbidden to make a sale with a verbal [agreement] or to transfer the article [to the purchaser], whether one weighs it or not. and the Ramah (Orach Chayim 323) follow a slightly more lenient approach and allow certain products to be sold by number and in vessels from which a measure can be obtained. Just as it is forbidden to weigh, so too is it forbidden to count and to measure, whether using a measuring container, one's hands, or a rope. 4:19-24.

אֵין דָּנִין בְּשַׁבָּת וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין וְלֹא מְיַבְּמִין וְלֹא מְקַדְּשִׁין גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִכְתֹּב. וְאֵין מַקְדִּישִׁין וְלֹא מַעֲרִיכִין וְלֹא מַחְרִימִין מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּמִקָּח וּמִמְכָּר. וְאֵין מַגְבִּיהִין תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁזֶּה דּוֹמֶה לְמַקְדִּישׁ אוֹתָן פֵּרוֹת שֶׁהִפְרִישׁ. וְעוֹד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְתַקֵּן אוֹתָן בְּשַׁבָּת. וְאֵין מְעַשְּׂרִין אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִרְשֹׁם בְּסִיקְרָא. וּמַקְדִּישׁ אָדָם פִּסְחוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת וַחֲגִיגָתוֹ בְּיוֹם טוֹב שֶׁזּוֹ מִצְוַת הַיּוֹם הִיא. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאֵין מַקְדִּישִׁין כָּךְ אֵין מְקַדְּשִׁין מֵי חַטָּאת:

Court is not convened on the Sabbath, nor are [the rites of] chalitzah. (See the following note and Deuteronomy 25:7-10.) or yibbum conducted, nor are women betrothed, (betrothal) - when a bond between a husband and wife is established, but the two still live separately - and nisuin (marriage) - when the couple begin their lives together.Betrothal is initiated by the act of kiddushin. At present, this is effected by the groom's giving the wedding ring to his wife. It must be added that it is also forbidden to carry out nisuin on the Sabbath, but for a different reason: lest one violate the Sabbath laws when preparing for the wedding feast. (See Hilchot Ishut 10:14.) lest one write. (Orach Chayim 339:4) states that divorce proceedings may not generally be carried out on the Sabbath, even if the bill of divorce was written beforehand.[Property] may not be consecrated, nor may endowment evaluations be made, nor may [property] be set aside, because this resembles a sale.Nor may terumah and the tithes be separated, for this resembles consecrating the produce one has separated, and also because, [through this ritual,] one makes [the produce] fit [for use] on the Sabbath.One may not tithe one's animals. [This is] a decree, [instituted] lest one mark [the animal] with red paint. 7:1. As mentioned in Chapter 11, Halachah 17, making a mark is considered a derivative of the forbidden labor of writing. Rabbenu Chanan'el, by contrast, explains that the prohibition against making this mark stems from the forbidden labor of dyeing.Rav Moshe HaCohen of Lunil notes that, in contrast to produce, the Rambam does not mention the prohibition against tithing animals in connection with the forbidden labor of dealing the final blow. Unlike produce, according to Torah law, one is allowed to partake of meat from an animal even if it has not been tithed. Although there is a Rabbinic prohibition against partaking of such meat, tithing a herd is not considered as making an object fit for use. A person may consecrate his Paschal sacrifice on the Sabbath and his festive offering on a holiday, for this is the mitzvah associated with that day. 148b, Hilchot Korban Pesach 1:19).Just as property may not be consecrated, so too, water may not be consecrated for use [in sprinkling the ashes of the red heifer].

הַמַּגְבִּיהַּ תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת אוֹ בְּיוֹם טוֹב בְּשׁוֹגֵג יֹאכַל מִמַּה שֶּׁהִתְקִין. בְּמֵזִיד לֹא יֹאכַל עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת. וּבֵין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ תִּקֵּן אֶת הַפֵּרוֹת. וְכֵן הַמַּקְדִּישׁ אוֹ הַמַּעֲרִיךְ אוֹ הַמַּחֲרִים בְּשַׁבָּת בֵּין בְּשׁוֹגֵג בֵּין בְּמֵזִיד מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה עָשׂוּי וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בְּיוֹם טוֹב. וְכֵן הַמַּקְנֶה לַחֲבֵרוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת קָנָה. מְעַשְּׂרִין אֶת הַדְּמַאי בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת אֲבָל לֹא אֶת הַוַּדַּאי:

When a person separates terumot and tithes on the Sabbath or on a holiday without intentionally desiring to transgress the prohibition involved, he may partake of the produce that he made fit to eat. If he intentionally desired to violate the prohibition, [the produce] is forbidden until Saturday night. (in the gloss on Hilchot Sh'vitat Yom Tov 6:10), which states that this prohibition applies even when one has no other produce available. See also Sha'ar HaMelech, which questions whether the prohibition applies to others besides the person who violated the prohibition. Note also Chapter 3, Halachah 9, and Chapter 6, Halachah 23. The separation is, nevertheless, effective.Similarly, when a person consecrates [an object], makes an endowment evaluation, or sets property aside on the Sabbath, with or without the intention to violate the prohibition, the act he performs is effective. Needless to say, this applies on a holiday. Similarly, a business transaction that a person makes with a colleague on the Sabbath is effective. 30:7).Between sunset and the appearance of the stars [on Friday], we may separate tithes 2:7). This law is also mentioned in Chapter 24, Halachah 10. from produce that is d'mai. [This leniency] is not, however, [granted] for produce from which one knows that the tithes have not been separated.

מִי שֶׁקָּרָא שֵׁם לִתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר שֶׁל דְּמַאי אוֹ לְמַעֲשַׂר עָנִי שֶׁל וַדַּאי לֹא יִטְלֵם בְּשַׁבָּת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיְּיַחֵד מְקוֹמָן מִקֹּדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת וַהֲרֵי הֵן יְדוּעִין וּמֻנָּחִין בְּצַד הַפֵּרוֹת. וְאִם הָיָה כֹּהֵן אוֹ עָנִי לְמוּדִים לֶאֱכל אֶצְלוֹ יָבוֹאוּ וְיֹאכְלוּ. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיּוֹדִיעַ לַכֹּהֵן שֶׁזּוֹ שֶׁאֲנִי מַאֲכִילְךָ תְּרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר וְיוֹדִיעַ לֶעָנִי שֶׁזּוֹ שֶׁאֲנִי מַאֲכִילְךָ מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי:

A person who designates 4:5). [a portion of produce] that is d'mai as terumat ma'aser, or [who designates a portion of produce as] the tithe for the poor should not take these portions [and give them to the individuals entitled to receive them]). There the Rambam emphasizes that the prohibition centers on giving the designated portions. This is borne out by his rulings in Hilchot Ma'aser 9:8-11, where he mentions leniencies in regard to the separation of the designated portions on the Sabbath if one makes a condition before the commencement of the Sabbath. on the Sabbath. [This restriction applies] despite the fact that the place [of these portions] is designated before the Sabbath and they are placed in a known location at the side of [the remainder of] the produce.If, however, a priest or a poor person is accustomed to be hosted by this person, he may come and partake [of these designated portions,] provided the person informs). the priest that he is feeding him from terumat ma'aser, or the poor person that he is feeding him from the tithe of the poor.

אָסוּר לְהָפִיס וּלְשַׂחֵק בְּקֻבִּיָּא בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּמִקָּח וּמִמְכָּר. וּמֵפִיס אָדָם עִם בָּנָיו וְעִם בְּנֵי בֵּיתוֹ עַל מָנָה גְּדוֹלָה כְּנֶגֶד מָנָה קְטַנָּה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין מַקְפִּידִין:

It is forbidden to draw lots or to play dice 6:7,11). on the Sabbath, because this is equivalent to commercial activity. A person may draw lots with his children and the members of his household, 23:2) and his rulings in Hilchot Sh'vitat Yom Tov 4:20. [determining who will receive] large and small portions, and in the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 322:6), Rav Yosef Karo follows the interpretation of Shabbat 148b by Rabbenu Yitzchak Alfasi and Rabbenu Asher, and forbids casting lots, even among one's own household, unless the portions are equal. for they will not take issue [among themselves].

אָסוּר לְחַשֵּׁב חֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹת שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לָהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת בֵּין שֶׁעָבַר בֵּין שֶׁעָתִיד לִהְיוֹת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִכְתֹּב. לְפִיכָךְ חֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹת שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶן צֹרֶךְ מֻתָּר לְחַשְּׁבָן. כֵּיצַד. כַּמָּה סְאִין תְּבוּאָה הָיָה לָנוּ בְּשָׁנָה פְּלוֹנִית, כַּמָּה דִּינָרִין הוֹצִיא בְּחַתְנוּת בְּנוֹ, וְכַיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן בִּכְלַל שִׂיחָה בְּטֵלָה שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶן צֹרֶךְ כְּלָל, הַמְחַשֵּׁב אוֹתָן בְּשַׁבָּת כִּמְחַשֵּׁב בְּחל:

On the Sabbath a person is forbidden to calculate accounts that he requires, whether concerning matters of the past or matters of the future. [This is] a decree, [enacted] lest one write.Therefore, calculations that are of no practical benefit may be performed on the Sabbath. What is implied? [A person may calculate] how many seah of grain he possessed in a particular year, how many dinarim his son's wedding cost, or the like. [Since] these are insignificant matters with no usefulness, there is no difference between making these calculations on the Sabbath or during the week. 1:16) and Hilchot De'ot 2:4, the Rambam frowns on such conversation during the week as well. To quote Hilchot Gezeilah 6:11: "It is not for a person to spend any of his days involved in anything other than the words of wisdom and the matters that lead to the settlement of the world."

אָסוּר לִקְרוֹת בְּשִׁטְרֵי הֶדְיוֹטוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא כְּדֶרֶךְ חֹל וְיָבֹא לִמְחֹק. מוֹנֶה אָדָם פַּרְפְּרוֹתָיו וְאֶת אוֹרְחָיו מִפִּיו אֲבָל לֹא מִן הַכְּתָב כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִקְרָא בְּשִׁטְרֵי הֶדְיוֹטוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ אִם הָיוּ הַשֵּׁמוֹת חֲקוּקִין עַל הַטַּבְלָה אוֹ עַל הַכֹּתֶל מֻתָּר לִקְרוֹתָן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְחַלֵּף בִּשְׁטָר. וְאָסוּר לִקְרוֹת בִּכְתָב הַמְהַלֵּךְ תַּחַת הַצּוּרָה וְתַחַת הַדְּיוּקְנִי בְּשַׁבָּת. אַף לִקְרוֹת בַּכְּתוּבִים בְּשַׁבָּת בִּשְׁעַת בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ אָסוּר גְּזֵרָה מִשּׁוּם בִּטּוּל בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה כָּל אֶחָד יוֹשֵׁב בְּבֵיתוֹ וְקוֹרֵא וְיִמָּנַע מִבֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ:

It is forbidden to read mundane documents (Orach Chayim 307:13) renders the Hebrew שטרי הדיוטות as "account sheets." Rashi (Shabbat 149a) interprets this as also referring to social correspondence. Based on the Rambam's commentary on the Mishnah (Shabbat 23:2), the Maggid Mishneh states that the Rambam follows Rashi's view.[The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:14) permits reading a social letter on the Sabbath only if one is unaware of its contents.] on the Sabbath, lest one conduct oneself in an ordinary manner and be provoked to make an erasure. 149b) differs and explains that the restriction mentioned stems from the prohibitions derived from Isaiah 58:13, which distinguish between one's conduct on the Sabbath and one's involvement in mundane, weekday concerns.A person may verbally count his guests and the desserts [he will serve them],), "On the Sabbath, it is forbidden to read anything other than the words of prophecy and their explanations [i.e., the Oral Law]. Among the matters excluded are [works of secular] wisdom and science." but may not read a written list, lest he read a mundane document. Therefore, if the names were engraved into a tablet or into the wall, one is allowed to read them, for [such writing] will not be interchanged with a [written] document.It is forbidden to read the writing under a figure or an image 149a) and the Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:15) interpret this as referring to descriptions written under works of art. Others explain that this refers to images of false deities. (In the Talmudic period, these two interpretations could easily be interrelated, because the subject matter of most gentile art was the false deities they worshiped.)on the Sabbath. It is even forbidden to read the Sacred Writings 17:1). Rashi (Shabbat 115a) mentions other opinions which forbid reading the works of the prophets as well. during the time the House of Study is in session, lest this lead to the neglect of the House of Study - i.e., so that no one should stay home and read the Sacred Writings and thus be held back from attending the House of Study.

נָפְלָה דְּלֵקָה בֶּחָצֵר בְּשַׁבָּת אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל כָּל מַה שֶּׁיֵּשׁ בֶּחָצֵר לְחָצֵר אַחֶרֶת שֶׁבְּאוֹתוֹ הַמָּבוֹי אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעֵרְבוּ גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְכַבֶּה הַדְּלֵקָה כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּצִּיל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאָדָם בָּהוּל עַל מָמוֹנוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ גָּזְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא יַצִּיל אֶלָּא מָזוֹן שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לוֹ לְאוֹתוֹ שַׁבָּת וְכֵלִים שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת וּבְגָדִים שֶׁיָּכוֹל לִלְבּשׁ. שֶׁנִּמְצָא מִתְיָאֵשׁ מִן הַכּל וְאֵינוֹ בָּא לִידֵי כִּבּוּי. וְאִם לֹא עֵרְבוּ אַף מְזוֹנוֹ וְכֵלָיו אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל:

[When] a fire breaks out in a courtyard on the Sabbath, a person may not save all [his possessions] in the courtyard states that the wording used by the Rambam indicates that a person in an adjoining courtyard where the fire has not yet caught may transfer all his property to a further removed courtyard if an eruv has been made. This concept is also mentioned in the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 334:1). [by transferring them] to another courtyard (loc. cit.:11) mentions a further leniency: One may transfer property from a house to an adjoining house or to another courtyard that one owns. There is, however, a difference of opinion among the Rabbis whether this leniency is accepted or not. in the same lane, despite the fact [that carrying is permitted because] of an eruv. [This is a] decree, [instituted] lest a person extinguish the fire in order to save his property. [This is necessary because] a person panics when his property [is in danger of] being lost.For this reason, [our Sages] decreed that a person may save only the food he needs for that Sabbath, the utensils he needs to use on that Sabbath, (loc. cit.:7) mentions cups and pitchers. From the Shulchan Aruch HaRav 334:8 and the Mishnah Berurah 334:17, it would appear that permission is granted only to save utensils one needs for eating, but not other articles - e.g., pillows and blankets - that might be required on the Sabbath. and the clothes that he can wear. Thus, he will despair of saving his property and he will not be motivated to extinguish the fire.If there is no eruv, one may not even save one's food and one's utensils. 334:10 and the Mishnah Berurah 334:26 mention that these restrictions do not apply with regard to saving clothes. Since one must wear them as garments, one may take them out to the public domain as well.

וּמַה הוּא מַצִּיל לִמְזוֹנוֹ. אִם נָפְלָה דְּלֵקָה בְּלֵילֵי שַׁבָּת מַצִּילִין מְזוֹן שָׁלֹשׁ סְעֻדּוֹת. הָרָאוּי לְאָדָם לְאָדָם וְהָרָאוּי לִבְהֵמָה לִבְהֵמָה. נָפְלָה בְּשַׁחֲרִית מַצִּילִין מְזוֹן שְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת. בְּמִנְחָה מַצִּילִין מְזוֹן סְעֻדָּה אַחַת:

What food may a person save? If a fire breaks out on Friday night, one may save enough food for three meals. 334:5). Foodstuffs that are fit for human consumption may be saved for humans, and fodder that is fit for animals may be saved for animals.If the fire breaks out in the morning, one may save enough for two meals; in the afternoon, enough for one meal.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּמַצִּיל בְּכֵלִים הַרְבֵּה אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה מְמַלֵּא כְּלִי וּמוֹצִיאוֹ וּמְעָרֶה וְחוֹזֵר וּמְמַלֵּא אוֹתוֹ שֵׁנִית הוּא שֶׁאֵין מַצִּיל אֶלָּא מַה שֶּׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לוֹ. אֲבָל אִם הוֹצִיא כְּלִי אֶחָד בְּהוֹצָאָה אַחַת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ כַּמָּה סְעֻדּוֹת מֻתָּר:

When does the [restriction] on taking only the food for one's needs apply? When one uses many containers to save [the food] or one uses a single container, removes it, empties it, and fills it again. If, however, one removes a single container at one time, it is permitted to remove it even though it contains enough food for many meals.

כֵּיצַד. מַצִּיל סַל מָלֵא כִּכָּרוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ כַּמָּה סְעֻדּוֹת. וְעִגּוּל שֶׁל דְּבֵלָה וְחָבִית שֶׁל יַיִן. וְכֵן אִם פָּרַשׂ טַלִּיתוֹ וְקִבֵּץ בָּהּ כָּל מַה שֶּׁיָּכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא וְהוֹצִיאָהּ מְלֵאָה בְּבַת אַחַת מֻתָּר:

What is implied? One may save a basket filled with loaves of bread, even though it contains enough for several meals. [One also may save] a cake of dried figs and a cask of wine. Similarly, it is permitted to spread out a garment, collect all [the food] 334:6 and the Mishnah Berurah 334:16, which emphasize that, even though one may pour the contents of several containers into a garment, one must empty the containers. It is forbidden to place the containers themselves in a garment and remove them. one can within it, and remove it at one time.

וְאוֹמֵר לַאֲחֵרִים בּוֹאוּ וְהַצִּילוּ לָכֶם וְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מַצִּיל מָזוֹן שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לוֹ אוֹ כְּלִי אֶחָד שֶׁמַּחֲזִיק אֲפִלּוּ דָּבָר גָּדוֹל וַהֲרֵי הוּא שֶׁל מַצִּיל. וְאִם לֹא רָצָה הַמַּצִּיל לְקַחְתּוֹ וּנְתָנוֹ לִבְעָלָיו מֻתָּר לוֹ לִטּל מִמֶּנּוּ אַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת שְׂכַר עֲמָלוֹ וְאֵין זֶה שְׂכַר שַׁבָּת שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין שָׁם מְלָאכָה וְלֹא אִסּוּר שֶׁלֹּא הוֹצִיאוֹ אֶלָּא בְּמָקוֹם מְעֹרָב:

One may tell others, "Come and save for yourselves." Every individual is allowed to save enough food for his needs or a single container that holds a large amount. [The food that] these individuals save belongs to them. 334:7; Mishnah Berurah 334:22).If the person who saves it does not want to take it and returns it to its [original] owner, 16:3 (based on Shabbat 120a)], the Rambam describes this as "God-fearing conduct," for it reflects an unwillingness to benefit from property that is not one's own. In this instance, this is particularly true, for the owner does not willingly abandon ownership of his property. it is permitted for him to take payment for his efforts after [the conclusion of] the Sabbath.). It is not considered a wage [paid for working on] the Sabbath, and others draw attention to the Rambam's statements at the conclusion of Chapter 6, which forbid taking payment even for activities that are permitted on the Sabbath unless the wage is paid for a larger span of time. Rav David Arameah explains that the prohibition against taking payment for one's Sabbath activities is Rabbinic in origin. In this instance, because of the positive nature of the activity involved, the Sages did not impose any restrictions.Shulchan Aruch HaRav (loc. cit.) explains that the article rightfully belongs to the person who saved it. Although he relinquishes ownership in favor of his original owner, he does not relinquish ownership of that portion of the article that is equivalent to his wage. What he is receiving from the owner is, in fact, payment for property that he was entitled to take possession of.since no [forbidden] labor was [performed], nor was a prohibition [transgressed], for one [merely] removed the food into a place [enclosed in the same] eruv.

הִצִּיל פַּת נְקִיָּה אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמַצִּיל פַּת שֶׁאֵינָהּ נְקִיָּה. אֲבָל אִם הִצִּיל פַּת שֶׁאֵינָהּ נְקִיָּה חוֹזֵר וּמַצִּיל פַּת נְקִיָּה. וּמַצִּיל בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים מַה שֶּׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לְשַׁבָּת אִם הָיָה יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת אֲבָל אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל בְּשַׁבָּת לְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר לְיוֹם טוֹב. וְלֹא מִשַּׁבָּת זוֹ לְשַׁבָּת הַבָּאָה. וּמַה שֶּׁהוּא מַצִּיל לִלְבּשׁ. לוֹבֵשׁ כָּל מַה שֶּׁהוּא יָכוֹל לִלְבּשׁ וְעוֹטֵף כָּל מַה שֶּׁהוּא יָכוֹל לַעֲטֹף וּמוֹצִיא וְאוֹמֵר לַאֲחֵרִים בּוֹאוּ וְהַצִּילוּ לָכֶם. וְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד לוֹבֵשׁ וּמִתְעַטֵּף בְּכֵלָיו וּמוֹצִיא. וַהֲרֵי הוּא שֶׁלּוֹ כְּמוֹ הַמַּאֲכָל שֶׁהֲרֵי מִן הַהֶפְקֵר הֵן זוֹכִין:

A person who saves a loaf of fine flour may not return and save a loaf of coarse flour. If, however, one saved a loaf of coarse flour, one may return and save a loaf of fine flour. 334:3; Mishnah Berurah 334:12).When Yom Kippur falls on Friday,, will apply only after the coming of the Redemption. a person may save [food] on Yom Kippur that he needs for the Sabbath. 334:4; Mishnah Berurah 334:13). Similarly, one may save food on Yom Kippur for the meal following the fast, regardless of the day of week (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 334:4). One may not, however, save [food] on the Sabbath for Yom Kippur. Needless to say, one may not [save food on the Sabbath] for a holiday, nor may one save on one Sabbath for the following Sabbath.Which garments may one save? One may put on all the clothes one can wear and wrap oneself in all the cloaks one can and remove them. 16:4). Rabbi Yosse maintains that one may return and put on a second set of clothes. Since one is not carrying the garments, but wearing them, we rule more leniently than regarding foodstuffs. This ruling is followed by the Rashba and the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 334:8). [Similarly,] one may tell others, "Come and save for yourselves." Every individual [who desires] may put on all the clothes he can wear and wrap himself in all the cloaks he can and remove them. The clothes he saves belong to him, like the food [described above], for he is acquiring an ownerless object.

מֻתָּר לְהַצִּיל כָּל כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֶּחָצֵר לְחָצֵר אַחֶרֶת שֶׁבְּאוֹתוֹ הַמָּבוֹי וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא עֵרְבוּ. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לַמָּבוֹי שָׁלֹשׁ מְחִצּוֹת וְלֶחִי אֶחָד. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ כְּתוּבִין אַשּׁוּרִית וּבִלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ אֲבָל אִם הָיָה כְּתוּבִין בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן אוֹ בִּכְתָב אַחֵר אֵין מַצִּילִין אוֹתָן אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה שָׁם עֵרוּב. וּבְחל אָסוּר לִקְרוֹת בָּהֶם אֶלָּא מַנִּיחָן בִּמְקוֹם הַתֹּרֶף וְהֵן מִתְאַבְּדִין מֵאֲלֵיהֶן:

It is permitted to save 334:19). all sacred writings 16:1). Nevertheless, the teachings of the Mishnah were appropriate in the beginning of the Talmudic era, when it was only the Written Law and not the Oral Law that was written down. The composition of the Mishnah marked a turning point in Jewish history, and from that point onward, it was permitted to write down the teachings of the Oral Law. (See the Rambam's Introduction to the Mishneh Torah.) Texts containing such teachings are also considered sacred articles and may be saved from a fire, just like the books of the Bible (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 334:12; Mishnah Berurah 334:31). Since the Rambam wrote the Mishneh Torah after it became permitted to write down the Oral Law, seemingly, it would have been appropriate for him to refer to texts of the Oral Law as well. that are found in one courtyard [by transferring them] to another courtyard in the same lane, even though an eruv was not made, provided the lane has three walls and a pole [in the place of the fourth wall]. 334:17; Mishnah Berurah 334:48).[The above leniencies apply] provided that the [sacred writings] are written in the Assyrian script, and Torah scrolls are written. (See Sanhedrin 22a; the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah, Yadayim 4:5; and the Moznaim Mishneh Torah series, Hilchot Tefillin 1:19.) and in Hebrew. If, by contrast, they are written in any other language or using any other script, we should not save them even if there is an eruv. and other similar texts may be saved.[Indeed,] even during the week, we are forbidden to read from such texts. Rather, they should be left in an open place 115a) and the Ramah (Orach Chayim 334:12). where they will become spoiled as a matter of course.

הָיוּ כְּתוּבִין בְּסַם וּבְסִיקְרָא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ כְּתַב שֶׁל קַיָּמָא הוֹאִיל וְהֵן כְּתוּבִין אַשּׁוּרִית וּבִלְשׁוֹן קֹדֶשׁ מַצִּילִין אוֹתָן. גִּלָּיוֹן שֶׁל סְפָרִים שֶׁלְּמַעְלָה וְשֶׁלְּמַטָּה וְשֶׁבֵּין פָּרָשָׁה לְפָרָשָׁה וְשֶׁבֵּין דַּף לְדַף וְשֶׁבִּתְחִלַּת הַסֵּפֶר וְשֶׁבְּסוֹף הַסֵּפֶר אֵין מַצִּילִין אוֹתָן. הַבְּרָכוֹת וְהַקְּמֵעִין אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן אוֹתִיּוֹת שֶׁל שֵׁם וּמֵעִנְיָנוֹת הַרְבֵּה שֶׁל תּוֹרָה אֵין מַצִּילִין אוֹתָן מִפְּנֵי הַדְּלֵקָה:

Even if [these sacred texts] are written with other tints or with red ink, 1:5). or even if the writing is not permanent, since they are written in the Assyrian script and in Hebrew, we should save them.The blank portions of parchment for scrolls,, Chapters 8 and 9, which mention how much empty parchment must be left for each of the situations mentioned by the Rambam. whether above or below the writing, between one passage and another, between one column and another, or at the beginning and at the conclusion of a Torah scroll, should not be saved. 334:20; Mishnah Berurah 334:50). Surely this applies to the margins of the scroll that the Rambam is referring to in this halachah.Tables of blessings (Rashi, Shabbat 115b). and amulets, even if they contain the letters of [God's] name and many Torah verses, should not be saved from a fire. were also accorded the status of sacred articles (Shulchan Aruch, loc. cit.:12).Regarding amulets containing verses, there is a difference of opinion among the Rabbis. The Tur (Orach Chayim 334) differs with the Rambam and maintains that in the present age, such amulets may be saved. Even though most of the later authorities follow the Rambam's ruling, the Pri Megadim suggests saving amulets with verses that contain God's name.

סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ לְלַקֵּט שְׁמוֹנִים וְחָמֵשׁ אוֹתִיּוֹת מִתּוֹךְ תֵּבוֹת שְׁלֵמוֹת וַאֲפִלּוּ בִּכְלָלָן (בראשית לא מז) "יְגַר שָׂהֲדוּתָא". וְכֵן אִם הָיְתָה בָּהּ פָּרָשָׁה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ שְׁמוֹנִים וְחָמֵשׁ אוֹתִיּוֹת וְיֵשׁ בָּהּ הַזְכָּרוֹת כְּגוֹן (במדבר י לה) "וַיְהִי בִּנְסֹעַ הָאָרֹן". מַצִּילִין אוֹתָן מִפְּנֵי הַדְּלֵקָה. וּמַצִּילִין תִּיק הַסֵּפֶר עִם הַסֵּפֶר וְתִיק תְּפִלִּין עִם הַתְּפִלִּין אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּתוֹכָן מָעוֹת:

We should save from fire a [worn] Torah scroll that has a total of 85 letters 115b).In certain contexts, the passage ויהי בנסוע הארון is considered a separate book of the Torah. (See Rashi's commentary on the verse.) Since that passage contains 85 letters, any parchment with 85 letters can be considered a scroll. from complete words, even if this includes [words like] יגר שהדותא. Similarly, [we should save a scroll] that contains a passage that has fewer than 85 letters if it contains God's name - e.g., ויהי בנסוע הארון. 334:15 which states that if a scroll contains God's name, it should be saved even though it contains less than 85 letters.We may save the scroll's carrying case with the scroll and the carrying case of tefillin with tefillin, even if the carrying case contains money., there is no need to shake it from the carrying case, and it may be taken to the same place as the tefillin. This leniency was granted so that a person would not be required to delay in saving the property that he was entitled to save (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 334:18).