Mishneh Torah — Sabbath (Shabbat) הלכות שבת, Chapter 3

מֻתָּר לְהַתְחִיל מְלָאכָה מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא נִגְמֶרֶת מֵאֵלֶיהָ בְּשַׁבָּת. שֶׁלֹּא נֶאֱסַר עָלֵינוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה אֶלָּא בְּעַצְמוֹ שֶׁל יוֹם. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁתֵּעָשֶׂה הַמְּלָאכָה מֵעַצְמָהּ בְּשַׁבָּת מֻתָּר לָנוּ לֵהָנוֹת בְּמַה שֶּׁנַּעֲשָׂה בְּשַׁבָּת מֵאֵלָיו:

It is permissible to begin the performance of a [forbidden] labor on Friday, even though the labor is completed on its own accord on the Sabbath itself, (Orach Chayim 252:1) emphasizes that this leniency applies even when one is certain that the forbidden labor will continue on its own accord on the Sabbath, as mentioned in the examples cited by the Rambam in the following halachah.Having outlined the general principles governing the Sabbath laws in the first chapter, and the situations when leniency can be permitted because of a danger to life in the second chapter, the Rambam begins his discussion of the Sabbath laws themselves. He starts with an explanation of activities that are begun before the Sabbath actually commences.[Significantly, although the Mishnah (Shabbat, Chapter 1) starts with a different concept, it also mentions many of the laws quoted by the Rambam towards the beginning of its treatment of the Sabbath laws.] for the prohibition against work applies only on the Sabbath itself. Moreover, when a task is carried out on its own accord on the Sabbath, 18a explains that these laws reflect a difference of opinion between the School of Hillel and the School of Shammai. The School of Shammai maintains that just as a person is required to have his servants and livestock rest on the Sabbath, so, too, is he required to have his utensils rest. They may not be used for work on the Sabbath. The School of Hillel does not accept this thesis, and their opinion is adopted as halachah. (See Chapter 6, Halachah 16.) we are permitted to derive benefit from what was completed on the Sabbath.

כֵּיצַד. פּוֹתְקִין מַיִם לַגִּנָּה עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְהִיא מִתְמַלֵּאת וְהוֹלֶכֶת כָּל הַיּוֹם כֻּלּוֹ. וּמַנִּיחִין מֻגְמָר תַּחַת הַכֵּלִים וְהֵן מִתְגַּמְּרִין וְהוֹלְכִין כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת כֻּלָּהּ. וּמַנִּיחִים קִילוֹר עַל גַּב הָעַיִן וְאִסְפְּלָנִית עַל גַּבֵּי הַמַּכָּה וּמִתְרַפְּאִין וְהוֹלְכִין כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת כֻּלָּהּ. וְשׁוֹרִין דְּיוֹ וְסַמָּנִין עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְהֵן שׁוֹרִין וְהוֹלְכִין כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת כֻּלָּהּ. וְנוֹתְנִין צֶמֶר לְיוּרָה וְאוּנִין שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן לַתַּנּוּר וְהֵם מִשְׁתַּנִּין וְהוֹלְכִין כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת כֻּלָּהּ. וּפוֹרְשִׂים מְצוּדוֹת לְחַיָּה וּלְעוֹפוֹת וּלְדָגִים עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְהֵן נִצּוֹדִין וְהוֹלְכִין כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת כֻּלָּהּ. וְטוֹעֲנִין בְּקוֹרוֹת בֵּית הַבַּד וּבְעִגּוּלֵי הַגַּת עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְהַמַּשְׁקִין זָבִין וְהוֹלְכִין כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת כֻּלָּהּ. וּמַדְלִיקִין אֶת הַנֵּר אוֹ אֶת הַמְּדוּרָה מִבָּעֶרֶב וְהִיא דּוֹלֶקֶת וְהוֹלֶכֶת כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת כֻּלָּהּ:

What is implied? 1:5-9) and the explanation of these mishnayot in the Talmud. We may open an irrigation channel to a garden on Friday, causing it to continue to fill throughout [the Sabbath] day. We may place [burning] incense under garments, causing them to continue to be made fragrant throughout the entire Sabbath. We may apply salve to an eye or a bandage to a wound, causing them to continue to heal throughout the Sabbath.We may mix ink with herbs before night and let the mixture soak 1:4:One collects the vapors of oils, of tar, and of wax..., [causes it to condense,] and kneads it together with tree sap and a drop of honey... . When one desires to write with it, one soaks [the ink] in gallnut juice or the like. throughout the entire Sabbath. We may place wool into a vat or strands of flax into an oven 1:5, the Rambam writes that flax would be soaked, mixed with ash, and then heated in an oven to bleach it. (See also Halachah 14.) so that their [color] continues to change throughout the entire Sabbath.We may lay out snares for wild beasts, birds, and fish at nightfall so that they continue being captured throughout the entire Sabbath. We may load the beams of an olive press or the round stones of a grape press at nightfall so that the liquids will continue to flow throughout the entire Sabbath. Similarly, we may light a candle or a fire [before] evening so that it continues to burn throughout the entire Sabbath.

מַנִּיחִין קְדֵרָה עַל גַּבֵּי הָאֵשׁ אוֹ בָּשָׂר בַּתַּנּוּר אוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי גֶּחָלִים וְהֵן מִתְבַּשְּׁלִים וְהוֹלְכִין כָּל הַשַּׁבָּת וְאוֹכְלִין אוֹתָהּ בְּשַׁבָּת. וְיֵשׁ בְּדָבָר זֶה דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵן אֲסוּרִין גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בַּגֶּחָלִים בְּשַׁבָּת:

A pot may be placed over a fire, or meat may be placed in an oven or over coals [on Friday], so that they continue to cook throughout the Sabbath [with the intent] that they be eaten on the Sabbath. With regard to this matter, however, there are certain restrictions that were enacted lest one stir the coals on the Sabbath.

כֵּיצַד. תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁלֹּא בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ וְחַמִּין שֶׁלֹּא הוּחַמּוּ כָּל צָרְכָּן אוֹ תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁבָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ וְכָל זְמַן שֶׁמִּצְטַמֵּק הוּא יָפֶה לוֹ אֵין מַשְהִין אוֹתוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי הָאֵשׁ בְּשַׁבָּת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֻנַּח מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בַּגֶּחָלִים כְּדֵי לְהַשְׁלִים בִּשּׁוּלוֹ אוֹ כְּדֵי לְצַמְּקוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ אִם גָּרַף הָאֵשׁ אוֹ שֶׁכִּסָּה אֵשׁ הַכִּירָה בְּאֵפֶר אוֹ בִּנְעֹרֶת פִּשְׁתָּן הַדַּקָּה אוֹ שֶׁעָמְמוּ הַגֶּחָלִים שֶׁהֲרֵי הֵן כִּמְכֻסּוֹת בְּאֵפֶר אוֹ שֶׁהִסִּיקוּהָ בְּקַשׁ אוֹ בִּגְבָבָא אוֹ בִּגְלָלֵי בְּהֵמָה דַּקָּה שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין שָׁם גֶּחָלִים בּוֹעֲרוֹת הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִשְׁהוֹת עָלֶיהָ. שֶׁהֲרֵי הִסִּיחַ דַּעְתּוֹ מִזֶּה הַתַּבְשִׁיל וְאֵין גּוֹזְרִין שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בָּאֵשׁ:

What is implied? When food has not been cooked to the extent that it is ready to serve, water has not been boiled, or food has been cooked to the extent that it is ready to serve, (Orach Chayim 253:1). Rashi (Shabbat 37b) and the Ashkenazic authorities who followed him are more lenient and maintain that when half (or according to others, a third - see Chapter 9, Halachah 5 and notes) of the cooking process has been completed, food may be left on a fire even when its taste is improved by continued cooking. The Ramah (loc. cit.) states that it is customary to follow this view. but the longer it cooks the better it tastes, it may not be left over a fire on the Sabbath even though it was placed there before the commencement of the Sabbath, lest one stir the coals to complete the cooking process or to cause it to cook more thoroughly.Accordingly, it is permissible to leave [food cooking] if one removed the coals one covered the coals in the range, a piece of metal, serves this purpose. If this is done, food that has not been cooked thoroughly may be left to continue cooking throughout the Sabbath. with ash or with thin chips from the combing of flax, the coals burned low, for then they are covered with ash, or the fuel used was straw, stubble, or the feces of a small animal, for then no coals will remain.[In these instances, it is obvious that] the person has diverted his intention from this food. Hence, a decree was not [enacted forbidding food to be left on the fire] lest he stir the coals.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּכִירָה שֶׁהֶבְלָהּ מֻעָט. אֲבָל הַתַּנּוּר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגָּרַף הָאֵשׁ אוֹ כִּסָּה בְּאֵפֶר אוֹ שֶׁהִסִּיקוּהוּ בְּקַשׁ אוֹ בִגְבָבָא אֵין מַשְׁהִין בְּתוֹכוֹ וְלֹא עַל גַּבָּיו וְלֹא סוֹמְכִין לוֹ תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁלֹּא בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ אוֹ שֶׁבָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ וּמִצְטַמֵּק וְיָפֶה לוֹ. הוֹאִיל וְהֶבְלוֹ חַם בְּיוֹתֵר אֵינוֹ מַסִּיחַ דַּעְתּוֹ וְחוֹשְׁשִׁים שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בְּזוֹ הָאֵשׁ הַמְּעוּטָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא אֵשׁ קַשׁ וּגְבָבָא אוֹ מְכֻסָּה:

When does the above apply? With regard to a range. In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Shabbat 1:3), the Rambam describes a kirah as "a place built into the ground with openings for two pots. The fire is placed under both of them in a single place." whose heat is minimal. With regard to an oven, in contrast, even if one removed the coals, covered them with ash, or used straw or stubble as fuel, 253:22) who maintain that the Rambam would allow food to be left in an oven if it was fueled with straw and stubble and the fire was removed. Although the Tur and the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 253:1) do not make such a distinction, the Mishnah Berurah explains that there is room for leniency. we are not allowed to leave food in it or on it. Similarly, one should not put food close to it.[This applies to] food that was not cooked to completion or was completely cooked, but will benefit from continued cooking. Since [an oven] is very hot, a person will not divert his attention [from the fire]. Hence, we suspect that he will stir the small fire that remains, even if it is straw or stubble, or even if it is covered.

וְלָמָּה אָסְרוּ לִשְׁהוֹת בַּתַּנּוּר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגָּרוּף. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַגּוֹרֵף אֵינוֹ גּוֹרֵף אֶלָּא רֹב הָאֵשׁ וְעַצְמָהּ. וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִגְרֹף כָּל הָאֵשׁ עַד שֶׁלֹּא תִּשָּׁאֵר נִיצוֹץ אַחַת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֶבְלוֹ חַם שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה כְּדֵי לְבַעֵר הַנִּיצוֹצוֹת הַנִּשְׁאָרוֹת בַּתַּנּוּר:

Why did [the Sages] forbid leaving food in the oven even if the fire was removed? Because a person can remove only the majority of the coals and their most intense [heat]. It is impossible to remove the entire fire so that not even a spark remains. Since [an oven's] heat is very warm, we suspect that he will stir [the fire] so that the sparks that remain in the oven will burn more.

הַכֻּפָּח הֶבְלוֹ רַב מֵהֶבֶל הַכִּירָה וּמְעַט מֵהֶבֶל הַתַּנּוּר. לְפִיכָךְ אִם הִסִּיקוּהוּ בְּגֶפֶת אוֹ בְּעֵצִים הֲרֵי הוּא כְּתַנּוּר וְאֵין מַשְׁהִין בְּתוֹכוֹ וְלֹא עַל גַּבָּיו וְלֹא סוֹמְכִין לוֹ תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁלֹּא בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ אוֹ מִצְטַמֵּק וְיָפֶה לוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגָּרַף אוֹ כִּסָּה בְּאֵפֶר. וְאִם הִסִּיקוּהוּ בְּקַשׁ אוֹ בִּגְבָבָא הֲרֵי הוּא כְּכִירָה שֶׁהֻסְּקָה בְּקַשׁ וּגְבָבָא וּמַשְׁהִין עָלָיו. וּמֻתָּר לִסְמֹךְ לְכִירָה מִבָּעֶרֶב וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ גְּרוּפָה וּקְטוּמָה. וְאֵיזוֹ הִיא כִּירָה וְאֵי זוֹ כֻּפָּח כִּירָה מְקוֹם שְׁפִיתַת שְׁתֵּי קְדֵרוֹת כֻּפָּח מְקוֹם שְׁפִיתַת קְדֵרָה אַחַת:

A kopach 1:3), the Rambam explains that a kopach is "built over the fire with a place for one pot. Fire is placed below it.... The heat of a kopach is greater than that of a kirah, because in a kirah the fire is dispersed beneath two pots and there is a greater exposure to the air." is warmer than a range and not as warm as an oven. Therefore, if wood or gefet). is used as fuel, it is considered equivalent to an oven, and we are not permitted to leave food within it, upon it, or next to it if it was not completely cooked, or even if it was completely cooked, but will benefit from continued cooking. This applies even if the fire was removed or covered with ash.If straw or stubble was used as fuel, it is bound by the same rules as a range that was fueled with straw or stubble, and [food] may be left [cooking] on it. What is a range and what is a kopach? A range is a place with an opening for two pots. A kopach is a place with an opening for a single pot. 16:13, 17:4,6,7.

תַּבְשִׁיל חַי שֶׁלֹּא בָּשֵׁל כְּלָל אוֹ שֶׁבָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ וּמִצְטַמֵּק וְרַע לוֹ מֻתָּר לִשְׁהוֹתוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי הָאֵשׁ בֵּין בְּכִירָה וְכֻפָּח בֵּין בְּתַנּוּר. וְכֵן כָּל תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁבָּשֵׁל וְלֹא בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ אוֹ בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ וּמִצְטַמֵּק וְיָפֶה לוֹ אִם הִשְׁלִיךְ לְתוֹכוֹ אֵבָר חַי סָמוּךְ לְבֵין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת נַעֲשָׂה הַכּל כְּתַבְשִׁיל חַי וּמֻתָּר לִשְׁהוֹתוֹ עַל הָאֵשׁ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא גָּרַף וְלֹא כִּסָּה. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכְּבָר הִסִּיחַ דַּעְתּוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ וְאֵינוֹ בָּא לַחְתּוֹת בָּגֶחָלִים:

When food has not been cooked at all 18b). or has been cooked to completion, but will be impaired by further cooking, it is permitted to leave it cooking whether on a range, a kopach, or an oven. Similarly, even when food has been cooked, but has not been cooked to completion, or when it has been cooked to completion, but will benefit from further cooking, it may be left on the fire if one placed an uncooked piece of meat 253). See also the Kessef Mishneh. in it shortly before nightfall, for the whole dish is considered to be entirely uncooked. [This applies] although one has not removed or covered the coals, for he has diverted his attention [from this food] and will not stir the coals.

כָּל תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁאָסוּר לִשְׁהוֹתוֹ אִם עָבַר וְשִׁהָה אוֹתוֹ אָסוּר לְאָכְלוֹ עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת וְיַמְתִּין בִּכְדֵי שֶׁיֵּעָשׂוּ. וְאִם שְׁכָחוֹ. אִם תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁלֹּא בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ הוּא אָסוּר עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת. וְאִם תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁבָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ הוּא וּמִצְטַמֵּק וְיָפֶה לוֹ מֻתָּר לְאָכְלוֹ מִיָּד בְּשַׁבָּת:

[The following rules apply] whenever a person left food [on a fire] in a situation where he was prohibited against doing so: If he transgressed and left [the food cooking intentionally], 38a. Both the Ra'avad and the Tur (Orach Chayim 253) have different conceptions of that passage and hence raise objections. The Rambam's rulings are accepted by the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 253:1). The Ramah and the Ashkenazic authorities who follow prefer the Tur's interpretation, although as will be explained, in practice the differences between them concern only food that was not cooked to the point of completion before the commencement of the Sabbath. he is prohibited to eat it notes that the Rambam's wording implies that only the person who left the food cooking is forbidden to eat it, but others are permitted. Rabbenu Asher, however, rules that the food is forbidden to be eaten by others as well. His view is accepted by the Magen Avraham 253:11 and the later authorities. until Saturday night, and must wait until enough time passes for it to have cooked. If he forgot [to remove it from the fire on Friday, greater leniency is allowed.] If the food was not completely cooked [before the commencement of the Sabbath], it is forbidden to eat it until Saturday night. (loc. cit.) states that normally there would be no reason to forbid this food from being eaten. It transpired, however, that many people were intentionally leaving food to cook, and if admonished would excuse themselves by claiming that they forgot. Accordingly, the Sages placed restrictions on those who forgot as well, forbidding them to partake of the food until Saturday night. (See the exception to this rule mentioned in the notes on Halachah 18.)There is a question whether it is necessary to wait until the food has time to cook on Saturday night or not. From the Rambam's wording, it appears that this is unnecessary. Rabbenu Asher, however, rules that it is necessary to wait. His view is accepted by Shulchan Aruch HaRav 253:12. (See the Mishnah Berurah 253:32.) If it was completely cooked, but further cooking will benefit it, cited above, such food should be prohibited until Saturday night. Nevertheless, Rabbenu Asher subscribes to the lenient view mentioned in note 9, which states that after food has been half- (or a third-) cooked, it may be left on a fire on the Sabbath even if it will benefit from continued cooking. Hence, in practice, he - and the subsequent Ashkenazic authorities - do not differ with the Rambam on this point. it is permitted to be eaten immediately. The intent is also difficult to understand. on the Sabbath.

כָּל שֶׁמֻּתָּר לִשְׁהוֹתוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי הָאֵשׁ כְּשֶׁנּוֹטְלִים אוֹתוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת אָסוּר לְהַחֲזִירוֹ לִמְקוֹמוֹ. וְאֵין מַחְזִירִין לְעוֹלָם אֶלָּא עַל גַּבֵּי כִּירָה גְּרוּפָה אוֹ מְכֻסָּה אוֹ בְּכִירָה וְכֻפָּח שֶׁהֻסְּקוּ בְּקַשׁ וּגְבָבָא. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא הִנִּיחַ הַקְּדֵרָה עַל גַּבֵּי הַקַּרְקַע אֲבָל מִשֶּׁהִנִּיחָה עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע אֵין מַחְזִירִין אוֹתָהּ. וַאֲפִלּוּ עַל גַּבֵּי כִּירָה גְּרוּפָה אוֹ מְכֻסָּה. וְאֵין מַחְזִירִין לַתַּנּוּר וְלֹא לְכֻפָּח שֶׁהֻסְּקוּ בְּגֶפֶת אוֹ בְּעֵצִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגָּרַף אוֹ כִּסָּה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֶבְלָן חַם בְּיוֹתֵר. וְכָל שֶׁאֵין מַחְזִירִין עָלָיו אֵין סוֹמְכִין לוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת:

Whenever [food] is permitted to be left on a fire, states that this refers to foods that were totally uncooked, or foods into which an uncooked piece of meat was placed, as stated in Halachah 8. Although they are permitted to be left on a fire, once they are removed it is forbidden to return them. Surely this prohibition applies to foods that have not been cooked completely and, according to the Rambam, are forbidden to be left on a fire. Even the Ashkenazic authorities who allow such foods to be left on a fire, forbid their return if they were removed. if it was taken from [the fire] on the Sabbath, it is forbidden to return it to its place. 253:2). Even when the food has already been completely cooked, there is a Rabbinic prohibition against cooking it further, as the Rambam writes in Chapter 9, Halachah 3.Other authorities (Rabbenu Nissim, Sefer HaMaor) mention that it is forbidden to return food to a cooking surface, because of the impression it might create. An observer might think that one is cooking. Shulchan Aruch HaRav 253:15 also mentions the possibility that one may stir the coals. [Food[ (Orach Chayim 253:2) mentions that the food must still be boiling hot. Shulchan Aruch HaRav 253:18-19 and the Mishnah Berurah 253:54 allow leniency, provided the food has not become cooled totally.The Magen Avraham 253:20 also mentions that the food may not be returned to a range if it has been transferred from the pot in which it was originally contained. may be returned only to a range from which the coals have been removed or covered) on a stove-top causes the fires to be considered as covered. In such a situation, food may be returned to the blech if:a) originally, it was placed on the blech in a manner that was permitted;b) it is completely cooked;c) one did not divert one's attention from it. or to a range or a kopach that was heated with straw or with stubble.[This leniency is granted] provided the food was not placed on the ground. 38b, the Tur emphasizes that one must have removed the food from the range with the intent of returning it. Otherwise, it is considered as if one is placing on the fire anew. The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.) quotes the Rambam's view without mentioning this factor. The Ramah quotes the Tur's view. The Be'ur Halachah emphasizes, however, that there is room for leniency in this regard, even according to Ashkenazic authorities. If it was placed on the ground, 253:56. it may not be returned even to a range whose coals were removed or covered. Similarly, [food] may not be returned to an oven or to a kopach that was heated with gefet or wood, despite the fact that one has removed or covered the coals, for they are very hot.Whenever food should not be returned [to a cooking surface], it should also not be placed next to it 253:5 states that this refers to placing - or returning - food near a source of heat on the Sabbath itself (Rabbi Akiva Eiger). One may, however, leave food near a source of heat on Friday so that it will remain warm on the Sabbath.The Ramah [based on the Tur (Orach Chayim 253:5)] allows one to place food near a source of heat on the Sabbath as long as it was completely cooked previously. [to warm]. 253:21 and the Kuntres Acharon).

אָסוּר לְהַכְנִיס מַגְרֵפָה לִקְדֵרָה בְּשַׁבָּת וְהִיא עַל הָאֵשׁ לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנָּה בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמֵּגִיס בָּהּ וְזֶה מִצָּרְכֵי הַבִּשּׁוּל הוּא וְנִמְצָא כִּמְבַשֵּׁל בְּשַׁבָּת. וּמֻתָּר לְהַחֲזִיר מִכִּירָה לְכִירָה אֲפִלּוּ מִכִּירָה שֶׁהֶבְלָהּ מֻעָט לְכִירָה שֶׁהֶבְלָהּ מְרֻבֶּה אֲבָל לֹא מִכִּירָה לִטְמִינָה וְלֹא מִטְּמִינָה לְכִירָה:

It is forbidden to insert a ladle into a pot to remove [food] while it is on a fire on the Sabbath, because while doing so, one stirs it. explains that if the food is not completely cooked, one is not allowed to stir the pot. Hence, removing food is forbidden. If, however, the food is completely cooked, there is no prohibition from the Torah in stirring it. Therefore, there is no Rabbinic prohibition against removing food.In the Kessef Mishneh, Rav Yosef Karo takes a much more stringent position. He accepts the Rambam's ruling without question. Furthermore, he adds that the same decision would apply even when the pot was removed from the fire as long as it is still boiling hot, and this is the ruling he states in his Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 318:18). The commentaries (see Shulchan Aruch HaRav 318:30 and the Mishnah Berurah 318:117), however, state that as long as the food has been cooked completely and it has been removed from the fire, one may remove it with a ladle. [Stirring] is one of the activities necessary for cooking, and thus one will be cooking on the Sabbath.It is permissible to shift a pot from one range to another, 4:3, quotes Rabbi Yehoshua, "When I attended Rabbi Chiyya, the great, I would take hot water from the lower storey and bring it to the upper storey and put it on the range." even when the heat of the first range is not as great as the heat of the second range. One may not, however, take food that was on a range and cover it to maintain its heat, or take food that was covered to maintain its heat and place it on a range.

לֹא יְמַלֵּא אָדָם קְדֵרָה עֲסַסִיוֹת וְתוּרְמוּסִין אוֹ חָבִית שֶׁל מַיִם וְיִתֵּן לְתוֹךְ הַתַּנּוּר עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְיַשְׁהֶה אוֹתָן. שֶׁאֵלּוּ וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא בָּשְׁלוּ כָּל עִקָּר כְּתַבְשִׁיל שֶׁלֹּא בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ הֵן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינָן צְרִיכִים בִּשּׁוּל הַרְבֵּה וְדַעְתּוֹ עֲלֵיהֶן לְאָכְלָן לְאַלְתַּר. וּלְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לִשְׁהוֹתָן בַּתַּנּוּר. וְאִם עָבַר וְשִׁהָה אֲסוּרִין עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת וְיַמְתִּין בִּכְדֵי שֶׁיֵּעָשׂוּ:

A person should not fill a pot with peas or beans or a jug with water and place them in an oven on Friday before nightfall and leave them [to cook]. Even when the above and other foods like them were not cooked at all, they are considered to be food that was not completely cooked, because they do not require a substantial [amount of time to] cook. (Orach Chayim 254:8) quotes the Rambam's words almost verbatim, and this interpretation is accepted by the later authorities. Nevertheless, Rashi (Shabbat 18b) and many authorities differ in their interpretation of this passage, noting that Beitzah 25b states that these beans must be cooked seven times before they are prepared to eat.See also the Bayit Chadash (Orach Chayim 254), which juxtaposes the Rambam's position with Rashi's, explaining that the Rambam is talking about an instance when the beans have already been cooked six times. Hence, only a slight amount of further cooking is necessary. Rav Kapach substantiates this interpretation, explaining that beans with a similar name are still eaten in Yemen today. After having been cooked several times, these beans cook very fast. Therefore, the person will continue to pay attention to them, for he intends to partake of them immediately. Accordingly, it is forbidden to leave them in an oven [unless they are completely cooked].If one transgressed and left them in an oven, it is forbidden to partake of them until Saturday night. [Even then,] one must also wait the amount of time necessary for them to cook.

תַּנּוּר שֶׁנָּתַן לְתוֹכוֹ בָּשָׂר מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם וְשִׁהָה אוֹתוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת אִם בְּשַׂר גְּדִי הוּא וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ מֻתָּר. שֶׁאִם יַחְתֶּה בְּגֶחָלִים יִתְחָרֵךְ הַבָּשָׂר שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ אֶלָּא חֲמִימוּת הָאֵשׁ בִּלְבַד. וְאִם בְּשַׂר עֵז אוֹ בְּשַׂר שׁוֹר הוּא אָסוּר שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בְּגֶחָלִים לְבַשְּׁלוֹ. וְאִם טָח פִּי הַתַּנּוּר בְּטִיט מֻתָּר. שֶׁאִם בָּא לִפְתֹּחַ הַתַּנּוּר וְלַחְתּוֹת תִּכָּנֵס הָרוּחַ וְיִתְקַשֶּׁה הַבָּשָׂר וְיִפָּסֵד וְיִצְטַנֵּן הַתַּנּוּר וְיַפְסִיד הַבָּשָׂר:

[The following rules apply when] meat was placed in an oven before nightfall and left [to roast).] on the Sabbath: If the meat is from a kid or it is other [tender] flesh, 254:1.) it is permitted. [Such meat] requires only the warmth of the fire itself, and if one stirs the coals the meat will char. If the meat is from a goat or an ox, it is forbidden, lest he stir the coals to cause it to cook [faster].), the above clauses of the halachah deal with meat that is roasted with the oven open. Rabbenu Asher (in his gloss on Shabbat 18b) interprets these laws as applying when the oven is closed, but not sealed. According to his view, if the oven is open, there is always reason to suspect that one will stir the coals. The Tur and the Ramah follow this interpretation.If, however, one sealed the opening of the oven closed with clay, [roasting even the latter meats] is permitted, for if one opens the oven to stir [the coals], the wind will enter and cause the meat to harden and spoil. The oven will cool [suddenly] and the meat will spoil. and appears redundant.Because opening the oven will cause the meat to spoil, we do not suspect that one will do so to stir the coals.

וְכֵן כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהָרוּחַ מַפְסֶדֶת אוֹתוֹ אֵין גּוֹזְרִין עָלָיו שֶׁמָּא יְגַלֵּהוּ וְיַחְתֶּה. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה נוֹתְנִין אוּנִין שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן לְתוֹךְ הַתַּנּוּר עִם חֲשֵׁכָה שֶׁאִם גִלָּהוּ יִפָּסְדוּ:

Similarly, whenever something would be spoiled by the wind, we do not decree [against its being heated], because someone might open [the oven] and stir [coals]. For this reason, we may place strands of flax into an oven [to bleach] before nightfall, for if one opens the oven, they will spoil.

נָתַן גְּדִי שָׁלֵם לְתוֹךְ הַתַּנּוּר הֲרֵי הוּא כִּבְשַׂר עֵז אוֹ כִּבְשַׂר שׁוֹר וְאָסוּר לִשְׁהוֹתוֹ שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בְּגֶחָלִים אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן טָח הַתַּנּוּר. וּמֻתָּר לְשַׁלְשֵׁל כֶּבֶשׂ הַפֶּסַח לַתַּנּוּר עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָח מִפְּנֵי שֶׁבְּנֵי חֲבוּרָה זְרִיזִים הֵן:

If one placed an entire kid 254:1) states that the entire body of the animal need not be intact. This law applies even when the head and the internal organs are removed, provided its rib cage remains intact. into an oven, [the situation] is governed by the laws applying to meat from a goat or an ox, and it is forbidden, lest one stir the coals, unless one seals the oven [closed].[If the fourteenth of Nisan falls on Friday,] it is, however, permitted to hang the Paschal lamb into an oven directly before nightfall, 19b). even though it is not sealed closed. The members of the company [gathered to eat the sacrifice] are careful.

אֵין צוֹלִין בָּשָׂר וּבָצָל וּבֵיצָה עַל גַּבֵּי הָאֵשׁ אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּצוֹלוּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם וְיִהְיוּ רְאוּיִין לַאֲכִילָה. וְאִם נִשְׁאֲרוּ אַחַר כֵּן עַל הָאֵשׁ בְּשַׁבָּת עַד שֶׁיִּצוֹלוּ הַרְבֵּה מֻתָּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן כְּמִצְטַמֵּק וְרַע לוֹ שֶׁאִם יַחְתֶּה יַחֲרֹךְ אוֹתָן שֶׁעַל גּוּף הָאֵשׁ הֵם. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה מַנִּיחִין מֻגְמָר תַּחַת הַכֵּלִים עִם חֲשֵׁכָה שֶׁאִם יַחְתֶּה בְּגֶחָלִים יִשָּׂרֵף הַמֻּגְמָר וִיעַשֵּׁן הַכֵּלִים:

Meat, onions, or eggs should not be roasted over an [open] fire, (Orach Chayim 254:2) explains that in such an instance, a person is primarily concerned that the food cook rapidly and does not care that some becomes charred. unless they can be roasted before nightfall to the point where they are fit to be eaten. (loc. cit.) explains that cooking in a pot requires more time and there is a greater possibility that one will stir the coals. See also the Merkevet HaMishneh. [If they are roasted to this extent before the commencement of the Sabbath], it is permissible to leave them on the fire on the Sabbath to be roasted further.[The rationale is] that [increased heat] will impair their taste. Since they are being cooked over a fire, if one stirs [the coals] they will char.For this reason, we are allowed to leave incense under clothes before nightfall [to perfume them]. For if one stirs the coals, the incense will burn and the clothes will be [damaged by] the smoke.

הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁכָּל דָּבָר שֶׁאָנוּ אוֹסְרִין בְּעִנְיָן זֶה אֵינוֹ אָסוּר מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהוּא נַעֲשָׂה בְּשַׁבָּת אֶלָּא גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בְּגֶחָלִים. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין נוֹתְנִין צֶמֶר לְיוּרָה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיְתָה עֲקוּרָה מֵעַל הָאֵשׁ שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בְּגֶחָלִים. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה פִּיהָ טוּחַ בְּטִיט שֶׁמָּא יָגִיס בָּהּ מִשֶּׁחֲשֵׁכָה:

From the above, we can conclude that all the prohibitions mentioned in this context were not enacted because [the cooking] was completed on the Sabbath. Instead, they are Rabbinic decrees [enacted] lest one stir the coals. Accordingly, wool should not be placed into a vat [to dye] unless it was removed from the fire, lest one stir the coals. Similarly, the vat should be sealed close with clay, lest one stir [the dye] after nightfall.

אֵין נוֹתְנִין אֶת הַפַּת בַּתַּנּוּר עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְלֹא חֲרָרָה עַל גַּבֵּי הַגֶּחָלִים אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּקָּרְמוּ פָּנֶיהָ שֶׁהֵם מֻדְבָּקִים בַּתַּנּוּר אוֹ בָּאֵשׁ. וְאִם נִשְׁאֲרוּ אַחֲרֵי כֵן עַד שֶׁיִּגְמֹר אֲפִיָּתָן מֻתָּר שֶׁאִם יַחְתֶּה יַפְסִיד אוֹתָן. וְאִם נָתַן סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁכָה וְחָשְׁכָה וַעֲדַיִן לֹא קָרְמוּ פָּנֶיהָ. אִם בְּמֵזִיד אָסוּר לֶאֱכל מֵהֶן עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת וְיַמְתִּין בִּכְדֵי שֶׁיֵּעָשׂוּ. וְאִם בְּשׁוֹגֵג מֻתָּר לוֹ לִרְדּוֹת מִמֶּנָּה מְזוֹן שָׁלֹשׁ סְעֻדּוֹת שֶׁל שַׁבָּת. וּכְשֶׁהוּא רוֹדֶה לֹא יִרְדֶּה בְּמִרְדֶּה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל אֶלָּא בְּסַכִּין וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהּ:

We should not place bread in an oven [directly] before nightfall, nor should we place a cake on coals unless [there is time] for the surface attached to the oven or [the side of the cake, 254.] facing the fire to crust.1:10, he rules that the outer surface must crust before the Sabbath. (The latter ruling also conforms to his thesis regarding cooked food: that it must be completely cooked before the commencement of the Sabbath.) It must be emphasized that the version of this halachah found in the authoritative manuscripts and early printings of the Mishneh Torah are in accordance with the ruling in the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah. Nevertheless, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 254:5) follows the more lenient ruling. [Should this be done,] it is permissible to leave it to continue baking afterwards, for if one stirs [the coals], one will spoil the bread.[The following rules apply when one places bread in an oven] before nightfall and there is not sufficient time for its surface to crust before nightfall. If one did so with a deliberate intent to violate [the above ruling], it is forbidden to partake of the bread until Saturday night, after sufficient time for it to bake has passed.If one did so unknowingly, it is permitted to remove bread for the three Sabbath meals. 254:8 and the Mishnah Berurah 254:33) explain that the fundamental element of all meals is bread, and if the person does not have bread he will not be able to fulfill the mitzvah of eating three Sabbath meals. From this, one can postulate that if a person has no food other than that which has been left on a fire on the Sabbath, he is allowed to partake of that food so that he will not be required to fast on the Sabbath. When one removes the bread, one should not remove it using a baker's peel as one does during the week. notes on Chapter 5, Halachah 19, and from the simple interpretation of Chapter 22, Halachah 1, it would appear that one is always required to remove the bread in an abnormal manner. Nevertheless, Rabbenu Nissim maintains that this stringency applies only when one placed the bread in the oven after the desired time. If one placed the bread inside earlier, there is no necessity to deviate from one's ordinary practice. The Mishnah Berurah 254:36 accepts this ruling when there is no way that one can remove the bread in an abnormal way.It must be emphasized that the above discussion applies only to the ovens of the Talmudic period. At present, our ovens are constructed in a different manner, and the loaves of bread are not stuck to the sides of the oven. Accordingly, any bread that is required for the Sabbath itself can be removed in an ordinary manner. (See Shulchan Aruch HaRav 254:9 and the Mishnah Berurah 254:42-43.) Instead, one should use a knife or other similar utensil.

עוֹשֶׂה אָדָם מְדוּרָה מִכָּל דָּבָר שֶׁיִּרְצֶה בֵּין עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע בֵּין עַל גַּבֵּי מְנוֹרָה וּמַדְלִיקָהּ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם וּמִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ לְאוֹרָהּ אוֹ מִתְחַמֵּם כְּנֶגְדָּהּ בְּשַׁבָּת. וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיַּדְלִיק רֹב הַמְּדוּרָה קֹדֶם חֲשֵׁכָה עַד שֶׁתְּהֵא שַׁלְהֶבֶת עוֹלָה מֵאֵלֶיהָ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת. וְאִם לֹא הִדְלִיק רֻבָּהּ אָסוּר לֵהָנוֹת בָּהּ בְּשַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בָּהּ וְיָנִיד הָעֵצִים כְּדֵי שֶׁתַּעֲלֶה הַשַּׁלְהֶבֶת. וְאִם הִדְלִיק עֵץ יְחִידִי צָרִיךְ לְהַדְלִיק רֹב עָבְיוֹ וְרֹב הֶקֵּפוֹ מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם:

A person may make a fire from any substance he desires, 21a and the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 255:1.) regardless of whether] he kindles it on the ground or in a torch holder. When he lights it before nightfall, he may use its light, or warm himself from it on the Sabbath. 275:6, which states that even in such a situation, one should not sit very close to the fire, lest one tend to it.He must, however, kindle the majority of the fire before nightfall to the extent that the flame rises up on its own accord. 1:11). If he did not kindle the majority of the fire, it is forbidden for him to benefit from it on the Sabbath, lest he stir or move the wood so the flame rises up. 255:2 and the Mishnah Berurah 255:5). If he [desires to] burn a single piece of wood, he must kindle the majority of its thickness and the majority of its circumference before nightfall.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּגְבוּלִין אֲבָל בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ מַאֲחִיזִין אֶת הָאוּר בָּעֵצִים בִּמְדוּרַת בֵּית הַמּוֹקֵד עִם חֲשֵׁכָה וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֶּה בְּגֶחָלִים שֶׁהַכֹּהֲנִים זְרִיזִין הֵן:

When does the above apply? Outside the Temple premises; but in the Temple, it is permissible to light a fire in the Chamber of the Hearth 5:10-11.) directly before nightfall. We do not suspect that anyone will stir the coals, for the priests are careful.

הָיְתָה מְדוּרָה שֶׁל קָנִים אוֹ שֶׁל גַּרְעִינִין אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַדְלִיק הָרֹב אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִתְחִיל בָּהֶן הָאֵשׁ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת מֻתָּר לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהּ. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָאֵשׁ נִתְלֵית בָּהֶן בִּמְהֵרָה וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לַחְתּוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ אִם אָגַד הַקָּנִים אוֹ הִנִּיחַ הַגַּרְעִינִין בְּחוֹתָלוֹת הֲרֵי הֵן כְּעֵצִים וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁתַּעֲלֶה בָּהֶן שַׁלְהֶבֶת מֵאֵלֶיהָ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת:

If a fire was made of reeds or of seeds, it is not necessary for the majority of it to be kindled before the Sabbath. Instead, since it caught fire before [the commencement] of the Sabbath, its use is permitted, for the fire will spread quickly through [these substances], and there is no necessity for one to stir it.Therefore, if the reeds were bound together or the seeds were placed in palm baskets, the same laws applying to wood apply, and the flames must be powerful enough to rise up on their own accord before [the commencement] of the Sabbath. 20a. Rabbenu Asher and the Tur (Orach Chayim 255) reverse the two decisions.

מְדוּרָה שֶׁל זֶפֶת אוֹ שֶׁל גָּפְרִית אוֹ שֶׁל רְבָב אוֹ שֶׁל קִירָה אוֹ שֶׁל קַשׁ אוֹ שֶׁל גְּבָבָא אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַדְלִיק רֻבָּהּ קֹדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָאֵשׁ מַדְלֶקֶת אוֹתָם בִּמְהֵרָה:

When a fire is fueled with tar, sulfur, oily substances, wax, straw, or stubble, it is not required that the majority be kindled before the commencement of the Sabbath, because these substances catch fire quickly.