Mishneh Torah — Sabbath (Shabbat) הלכות שבת, Chapter 8

הַחוֹרֵשׁ כָּל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. הַמְנַכֵּשׁ בְּעִקְּרֵי הָאִילָנוֹת וְהַמְקַרְסֵם עֲשָׂבִים אוֹ הַמְזָרֵד אֶת הַשָּׂרִיגִים כְּדֵי לְיַפּוֹת אֶת הַקַּרְקַע הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת חוֹרֵשׁ וּמִשֶּׁיַּעֲשֶׂה כָּל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. וְכֵן הַמַּשְׁוֶה פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה כְּגוֹן שֶׁהִשְׁפִּיל הַתֵּל וְרִדְּדוֹ אוֹ מִלֵּא הַגַּיְא חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם חוֹרֵשׁ. וְשִׁעוּרוֹ כָּל שֶׁהוּא. וְכֵן כָּל הַמַּשְׁוֶה גֻּמּוֹת שִׁעוּרוֹ כָּל שֶׁהוּא:

A person who plows even the slightest amount [of earth] is liable. 103a). One who weeds around the roots of trees, cuts off grasses, or prunes shoots to beautify the land 12:2. Note Rashi and others, who offer different interpretations.In his Commentary on the Mishnah (loc. cit.), the Rambam emphasizes that if one's intent when performing these activities is to gather the growths one is cutting, one is liable for reaping. If one's intent is to improve the tree so that it will grow better, one is liable for sowing, as stated in the following halachah. - these are derivatives of plowing. One is liable for performing even the slightest amount of these activities.Similarly, one who levels the surface of a field - e.g., one who lowers a mound and flattens it or fills a vale - is liable for [performing a derivative of] plowing. 73b, which states that the Rambam's statements apply when these activities are performed outside. A person who performs these activities inside a house is liable for building. See Chapter 10, Halachah 12. [One is liable for performing] the slightest amount of these activities. Similarly, one who levels cavities [in the ground] to even the slightest degree is liable.

הַזּוֹרֵעַ כָּל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. הַזּוֹמֵר אֶת הָאִילָן כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּצְמַח הֲרֵי זֶה מֵעֵין זוֹרֵעַ. אֲבָל הַמַּשְׁקֶה צְמָחִין וְאִילָנוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת זוֹרֵעַ וְחַיָּב בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא. וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹרֶה חִטִּין וּשְׂעוֹרִין וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן בַּמַּיִם הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת זוֹרֵעַ וְחַיָּב בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא:

A person who sows even the slightest amount is liable. A person who prunes a tree so that it grows performs an activity resembling sowing. In contrast, watering plants and trees on the Sabbath is considered merely a derivative of sowing. One is liable for even the slightest amount. Similarly, one who soaks the seeds of wheat, barley, and the like in water [performs] a derivative of sowing 94b, which mentions that one is liable for soaking seeds so they sprout. Others point to Shabbat 17b, which states that one is liable for soaking vetch, a type of bean fed to cattle. and is liable for even the slightest amount.

הַקּוֹצֵר כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת חַיָּב. וְתוֹלֵשׁ תּוֹלֶדֶת קוֹצֵר הוּא. וְכָל הָעוֹקֵר דָּבָר מִגִּדּוּלוֹ חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם קוֹצֵר. לְפִיכָךְ צְרוֹר שֶׁעָלוּ בּוֹ עֲשָׂבִים וּכְשׁוּת שֶׁעָלָה בַּסְּנֶה וַעֲשָׂבִים שֶׁצָּמְחוּ עַל גַּב הֶחָבִית. הַתּוֹלֵשׁ מֵהֶן חַיָּב שֶׁזֶּה הוּא מְקוֹם גִּדּוּלָן. אֲבָל הַתּוֹלֵשׁ מֵעָצִיץ שֶׁאֵינוֹ נָקוּב פָּטוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין זֶה מְקוֹם גִּדּוּלוֹ. וְעָצִיץ נָקוּב בִּכְדֵי שֹׁרֶשׁ קָטָן הֲרֵי הוּא כְּאֶרֶץ וְהַתּוֹלֵשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ חַיָּב:

One who reaps an amount the size of a dried fig is liable. Plucking [fruit] is considered a derivative of reaping.). Similarly, any person who removes produce from where it is growing is liable for reaping. Therefore, a person who removes grass growing from a rock, a parasite plant that grows on shrubs, or grasses that grow on a barrel is liable, for this is the place where they grow.In contrast, a person who removes [fruit from a plant growing] in a flower pot that is not perforated is not liable, for this is not the [ordinary] place from which it grows., Orach Chayim 336:7- 8.) If, however, the flower pot has a hole the size of a small root, [the plant] is considered as growing in the ground 107b.) The above applies only in homes with earth floors where there is no interruption (except air) between the flower pot and the earth. See Shemirat Shabbat Kehilchasah, p. 326.The difference between a flower pot that is perforated and one that is not perforated is relevant in many different contexts within Torah law. (See Hilchot Kilayim 1:2, 5:16; Hilchot Mechirah 3:16, and other sources.) and a person who picks fruit from it is liable.

כָּל זֶרַע שֶׁקְּצִירָתוֹ מַצְמַחַת אוֹתוֹ וּמְגַדַּלְתּוֹ כְּגוֹן אַסְפַּסְתָּא וְסִלְקָא. הַקּוֹצְרוֹ בִּשְׁגָגָה חַיָּב שְׁתֵּי חַטָּאוֹת. אַחַת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא קוֹצֵר וְאַחַת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֵעַ. וְכֵן הַזּוֹמֵר וְהוּא צָרִיךְ לָעֵצִים חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם קוֹצֵר וּמִשּׁוּם נוֹטֵעַ. גַּבְשׁוּשִׁית שֶׁל עָפָר שֶׁעָלוּ בָּהּ עֲשָׂבִים, הִגְבִּיהָהּ מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ וְהִנִּיחָהּ עַל גַּבֵּי יְתֵדוֹת חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם תּוֹלֵשׁ. הָיְתָה עַל גַּבֵּי יְתֵדוֹת וְהִנִּיחָהּ עַל הָאָרֶץ חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם זוֹרֵעַ. תְּאֵנִים שֶׁיָּבְשׁוּ בְּאִבֵּיהֶן וְכֵן אִילָן שֶׁיָּבְשׁוּ פֵּרוֹתָיו בּוֹ. הַתּוֹלֵשׁ מֵהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת חַיָּב אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן כַּעֲקוּרִין לְעִנְיַן טֻמְאָה:

Whenever reaping from a plant causes it to grow larger - e.g., cattle-grass or beets - a person who harvests it without knowing of the prohibition involved is liable for two sin offerings: one because he [performed the labor of] reaping, and one because he [performed the labor of] planting. Similarly, a person who prunes [a tree] and desires to use [the branches he prunes] is liable for reaping and planting.[The following rules apply to] a clod of earth on which grass is growing: If one lifted it from the earth and placed it on staves, one is liable for uprooting. If it was supported by staves and one placed it on the earth, one is liable for planting. 81b) and others maintain that one is not held liable in this instance. Although such activity is forbidden by Rabbinic decree, since the connection between the flower pot and the ground was never interrupted, one is not considered to have uprooted the plant (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 336:12).When figs have dried out while on the tree, and similarly, [other] trees whose fruits have dried out - a person who picks them on the Sabbath is liable (Shabbat 150b) maintains that this ruling applies only when the stems attaching the fruit to the tree are still fresh. If they have also dried out, one is not held liable for picking the fruit. (See Be'ur Halachah 336.) although they are considered to be detached [from the tree] with regard to the laws of ritual purity. 2:4-5.

הַתּוֹלֵשׁ עֻלְשִׁין הַמְזָרֵד זְרָדִין. אִם לַאֲכִילָה שִׁעוּרוֹ כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת. וְאִם לִבְהֵמָה שִׁעוּרוֹ כִּמְלוֹא פִּי גְּדִי. וְאִם לְהַסָּקָה שִׁעוּרוֹ כְּדֵי לְבַשֵּׁל בֵּיצָה. הַמְעַמֵּר אֳכָלִין אִם לַאֲכִילָה שִׁעוּרוֹ כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת. וְאִם עִמֵּר לִבְהֵמָה שִׁעוּרוֹ כִּמְלוֹא פִּי גְּדִי. וְאִם לְהַסָּקָה שִׁעוּרוֹ כְּדֵי לְבַשֵּׁל בֵּיצָה. וּבֵיצָה הָאֲמוּרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם הִיא בֵּיצָה בֵּינוֹנִית שֶׁל תַּרְנְגוֹלִין. וְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כְּדֵי לְבַשֵּׁל בֵּיצָה הוּא כְּדֵי לְבַשֵּׁל כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת מִבֵּיצָה וּגְרוֹגֶרֶת אֶחָד מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה בְּבֵיצָה. וְאֵין עִמּוּר אֶלָּא בְּגִדּוּלֵי קַרְקַע:

[The following rules apply to] one who uproots chicory or who prunes moist shoots: 7:5 and the Rambam's Commentary.) If he intends to use them as food [for human beings], the minimum measure [for which one is held liable for reaping] is the size of a dried fig. (Orach Chayim, Vol. II, Responsum 34) notes that Shabbat 103a states that this measure applies when one gathers these substances in a field belonging to a colleague. When gathering in one's own field, by contrast, one is liable for even the slightest amount, since in doing so, one clears one's field, a derivative of the labor of plowing.The Noda BiY'hudah explains that the Talmudic passage does not contradict the Rambam's decision. As mentioned in the previous halachot, one can be liable for transgressing two different forbidden labors when performing a single activity. Thus, as soon as one gathers any of these substances, one is liable for plowing. Should one one gather the amounts mentioned by the Rambam in this halachah, one is also liable for reaping. If he intends to use them as animal [fodder], the minimum measure is the amount necessary to fill the mouth of a young kid. 76a, it appears that a mouthful of a kid is slightly less than the size of a dried fig. If he intends to use them for kindling, the minimum measure is the amount necessary to cook an egg.[Similar measures apply with regard to the forbidden labor of] collecting food: If [one's intent is to use it] as [food for human beings], the minimum measure [for which one is held liable] is the size of a dried fig. [If one's intent is] for animal [fodder], the minimum measure is the amount necessary to fill the mouth of a young kid. [If one's intent is] for kindling, the minimum measure is the amount necessary to cook an egg.Whenever the term "an egg" is used, the intent is an average-size chicken egg. and 100 cubic centimeters by Chazon Ish. Whenever the term "the amount necessary to cook an egg" is used, the intent is the amount necessary to cook a portion of an egg the size of a dried fig. A dried fig is one-third the size of an egg. 80b and 82b. Similarly, their understanding of those passages affects their determination of many different significant measures in Torah law, for example, כדי אכילת פרס (the measure of time associated with the mitzvot and prohibitions connected with eating). The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 368:3) mentions both opinions.[The forbidden labor of] collecting food applies only with regard to [collecting] the earth's produce. 73b). (Note the Kessef Mishneh's comments regarding the proper text of that Talmudic passage.) As the Rambam states in Chapter 21, Halachah 11, there is, however, a Rabbinic prohibition against gathering salt.The Hagahot Maimoniot (21:8) state that just as sheaves are collected in a field - the place where produce grows - similarly, all activities that are derivatives of this forbidden labor must take place in or near the field or orchards in which the produce grows. The Tur (Orach Chayim 240) and others also accept this ruling. From Chapter 21, Halachah 11, it appears that the Rambam also follows this approach.

הַמְקַבֵּץ דְּבֵלָה וְעָשָׂה מִמֶּנָּה עִגּוּלָה אוֹ שֶׁנִּקֵּב תְּאֵנִים וְהִכְנִיס הַחֶבֶל בָּהֶן עַד שֶׁנִּתְקַבְּצוּ גּוּף אֶחָד. הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת מְעַמֵּר וְחַיָּב. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:

A person who collects figs 340:15 and the Mishnah Berurah 340:38.) and makes a chain from them or one who pierces a hole through dates and passes a string through them until they are collected as a single entity performs a derivative 7:2)]. Some cite this as an example of the Rambam's use of his own powers of deduction to determine derivatives for forbidden labors, so that every category of forbidden labor will be associated with derivatives. of the forbidden labor of collecting sheaves. The same applies in other similar circumstances.

הַדָּשׁ כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת חַיָּב וְאֵין דִּישָׁה אֶלָּא בְּגִדּוּלֵי קַרְקַע. וְהַמְפָרֵק הֲרֵי הִיא תּוֹלֶדֶת הַדָּשׁ וְחַיָּב וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. הַחוֹלֵב אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מְפָרֵק וְכֵן הַחוֹבֵל בְּחַי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ עוֹר חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מְפָרֵק. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה צָרִיךְ לַדָּם שֶׁיֵּצֵא מִן הַחַבּוּרָה. אֲבָל אִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהַזִּיק בִּלְבַד פָּטוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְקַלְקֵל. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בַּדָּם אוֹ בַּחָלָב שֶׁהוֹצִיא כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת:

A person who threshes [an amount of grain the size of] a dried fig is liable. [The forbidden labor of] threshing applies only with regard to the earth's produce. and the Rivash (Responsa 121) state that an animal that lives on the land (as opposed to fish and other creatures that live in the sea) can be considered as produce of the earth, because it derives its life from the earth's produce.The Rambam's son, Rabbenu Avraham, however, does not accept the basic premise of the question and explains that a derivative of a forbidden labor can differ drastically from the forbidden labor itself. Accordingly, even though threshing applies only with regard to produce, its derivatives can involve animals (Birkat Avraham, Responsum 18).Extracting produce from its shell allows one to remove the shells of onion and garlic, and Sh'vitat HaShabbat permits the removal of the hard shells of nuts. is a derivative of threshing; [a person who performs this activity] is liable. The same applies in all similar situations. Similarly, a person who milks an animal is liable for extracting food. 95a) and other authorities. Rabbenu Tam and other Rishonim agree that milking is forbidden according to Torah law, but consider it a derivative of other categories of labor. The Ramban (Shabbat 145) considers this merely a Rabbinic prohibition.Note the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 305:20), which states that one may tell a gentile to milk an animal. This leniency is permitted because the animal will suffer pain if it is not milked. Other leniencies are also granted on the basis of the Rambam's statements in Halachah 10.The question of milking animals attracted much attention in the early years of agricultural development in Eretz Yisrael, when the question arose regarding milking herds of animals when a gentile was not available. (See K'tzot HaShulchan, Vol. VI, p. 34 ff. and other sources.)By the same token, a person who wounds an animal that has a hideis liable for extracting, 107a, mentions an opinion that extracting blood falls into the category of dyeing. Tosafot, Shabbat 75a, Ketubot 6b, offers a different interpretation, explaining that it is included in the category of slaughtering. provided he requires the blood 106a; the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah, Shabbat 14:1).that flows from the wound. If, however, his intent is merely to wound [the animal], he is not liable, because his activity is destructive in nature. One is not liable unless one extracts a quantity of blood or milk equivalent to the size of a dried fig. and the Kessef Mishneh support the Rambam's decision, explaining that since he considers these activities as derivatives of threshing, the minimum amount for which one is liable is the same as for threshing. It must be emphasized that according to the opinions of Rashi and Tosafot (see note 31), one is liable for extracting a quantity of blood smaller than the size of a dried fig.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּחוֹבֵל בִּבְהֵמָה וְחַיָּה וְעוֹף וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם. אֲבָל הַחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לְהַזִּיק חַיָּב מִפְּנֵי נַחַת רוּחוֹ שֶׁהֲרֵי נִתְקָרְרָה דַּעְתּוֹ וְשָׁכְכָה חֲמָתוֹ וַהֲרֵי הוּא כִּמְתַקֵּן. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לַדָּם שֶׁהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנּוּ חַיָּב:

When does the above apply? When one wounds an animal, a wild beast, a fowl, or the like. If one wounds a fellow man, by contrast, one is liable although one's intent is to injure, for [this activity generates] pleasure. It causes one's feelings to cool and one's anger to subside. Therefore, it is considered "constructive" in nature. Accordingly, even if one does not require the blood that one extracts, one is liable. 105b. The Rambam, however, interprets this passage differently. (See the Maggid Mishneh.)

שְׁמוֹנָה שְׁרָצִים הָאֲמוּרִים בַּתּוֹרָה הֵן שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶן עוֹרוֹת לְעִנְיַן שַׁבָּת כְּמוֹ חַיָּה וּבְהֵמָה וְעוֹף. אֲבָל שְׁאָר שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים אֵין לָהֶן עוֹר. לְפִיכָךְ הַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן פָּטוּר. וְאֶחָד הַחוֹבֵל בִּבְהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף אוֹ בִּשְׁמוֹנָה שְׁרָצִים וְעָשָׂה בָּהֶן חַבּוּרָה וְיָצָא מֵהֶם דָּם אוֹ שֶׁנִּצְרַר הַדָּם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא יָצָא חַיָּב:

The eight creeping animals mentioned in the Torah have hides whose status is analogous to those of animals, beasts, and fowl with regard to the Sabbath laws. Other small creatures and crawling animals are not considered to have a hide [whose status is significant with regard to the Sabbath laws]. Therefore, one who wounds them is not liable. 46b), who maintain that one is not liable for causing these creatures to bleed internally. If, however, one causes external bleeding, one is liable.The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 316:8) accepts the opinion of the other authorities. This decision depends on the difference of opinion mentioned in note 31 as to the category of forbidden labor of which causing bleeding is a derivative. As mentioned, the Rambam considers this activity a derivative of the labor of threshing, and threshing involves removing a substance from a hard shell. Since the hides of the other crawling animals are not tough, causing them to bleed cannot be considered a derivative of this labor. According to the opinion that bleeding is a derivative of slaughtering, however, one is liable for making any animal bleed, regardless of the nature of its hide (Ziv HaMishneh).The question whether one may kill creeping animals that are dangerous is discussed in Chapter 10, Halachah 25 and notes.One who wounds an animal, beast, fowl, or one of the above-mentioned eight creeping animals is liable whether he caused an open wound from which they bled or he made a bruise that caused internal bleeding.

הַסּוֹחֵט אֶת הַפֵּרוֹת לְהוֹצִיא מֵימֵיהֶן חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מְפָרֵק. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בַּמַּשְׁקִין שֶׁסָּחַט כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת. וְאֵין חַיָּבִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא עַל דְּרִיכַת זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים בִּלְבַד. וּמֻתָּר לִסְחֹט אֶשְׁכּוֹל שֶׁל עֲנָבִים לְתוֹךְ הָאֹכֶל. שֶׁמַּשְׁקֶה הַבָּא לְאֹכֶל אֹכֶל הוּא וְנִמְצָא כִּמְפָרֵק אֹכֶל מֵאֹכֶל. אֲבָל אִם סָחַט לִכְלִי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ אֹכֶל הֲרֵי זֶה דּוֹרֵךְ וְחַיָּב. וְהַחוֹלֵב לְתוֹךְ הָאֹכֶל אוֹ הַיּוֹנֵק בְּפִיו פָּטוּר וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיַּחֲלֹב לְתוֹךְ הַכְּלִי:

A person who squeezes fruit to extract its juice is liable for extracting. One is not liable until he extracts an amount of juice equivalent to the size of a dried fig. From the Torah itself, one is liable for pressing only grapes and olives. 143b, explains that the reason is that the primary purpose which grapes and olives are grown is for these liquids. With regard to other fruits, by contrast, it is not as common to use them for juice. From his Commentary on the Mishnah (Shabbat 22:1), it appears that the Rambam also accepts this rationale.(Rabbenu Nissim gives another reason: The juices of other fruits are not considered as liquids, but as food. See Hilchot Tum'at Ochalin 1:4. The Pri Megadim and others consider these as two separate rationales.)Note Chapter 21, Halachah 12, which states that there is a Rabbinic prohibition against squeezing other fruits that are frequently used for juice (Shabbat 144b gives as examples, berries and pomegranates). If, however, it is not common to use a fruit for juice, there is no prohibition at all against squeezing juice from it. Note also the discussion in the Beit Yosef (Orach Chayim 320) regarding squeezing lemons to make lemonade.It is, [however,] permitted to squeeze a cluster of grapes directly into food, since a liquid that is absorbed into food is considered as food. Thus, one is considered to be extracting food from food. 320). Nevertheless, if one squeezes these liquids into a vessel that does not contain food, 320:6, which states that since one ultimately intends to mix the liquid into food, the prohibition is merely Rabbinic in nature. this is considered pressing and one is liable.[Similarly,] one who milks directly into food maintains that this law applies only on a festival, but not on the Sabbath. Since the animal may not be slaughtered on the Sabbath, it is not considered as "food." Similarly, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 505) quotes this law with regard to the laws of festivals and not with regard to the Sabbath laws. or one who sucks with his mouth is not liable. 320:1.) One is liable only when one milks into a container. 320:21 states that a person who milks an animal and lets the milk flow from the animal to the ground is not liable, for this is not the normal manner in which an animal is milked. This can be interpreted as the implication of the Rambam's words: "One is liable only when one milks into a container."

הַזּוֹרֶה אוֹ הַבּוֹרֵר כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת חַיָּב. וְהַמְחַבֵּץ הֲרֵי הוּא תּוֹלֶדֶת בּוֹרֵר. וְכֵן הַבּוֹרֵר שְׁמָרִים מִתּוֹךְ הַמַּשְׁקִין הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת בּוֹרֵר אוֹ תּוֹלֶדֶת מְרַקֵּד וְחַיָּב. שֶׁהַזּוֹרֶה וְהַבּוֹרֵר וְהַמְרַקֵּד דּוֹמִין עִנְיְנֵיהֶם זֶה לָזֶה. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה מָנוּ אוֹתָן בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּל מְלָאכָה שֶׁהָיְתָה בַּמִּשְׁכָּן מוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ:

A person who winnows or separates [an amount of food the size of] a dried fig is liable.). The Yeshu'ot Ya'akov 319:1 differs and maintains that both the food and the unwanted matter are counted when reckoning the amount equal to the dried fig. Causing milk to curdle is a derivative [of the category] of separating.Similarly, a person who separates the dregs from liquids is liable for having performed a derivative of separating or a derivative of sifting. [The particular category of forbidden labor is not defined,] because the labors of winnowing, separating, and sifting resemble each other. who questions whether these three activities can be combined. Thus, if one winnowed an amount of grain one third the size of a dried fig, and one separated and sifted the same amount, is one liable for a sin offering under such circumstances or not? [If so,] why were they reckoned as three [separate categories? Because every labor that was performed in the Sanctuary is counted as a separate category.

הַבּוֹרֵר אֹכֶל מִתּוֹךְ פְּסלֶת אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ לְפָנָיו שְׁנֵי מִינֵי אֳכָלִין וּבֵרֵר מִין מִמִּין אַחֵר בְּנָפָה וּבִכְבָרָה חַיָּב. בְּקָנוֹן אוֹ בְּתַמְחוּי פָּטוּר. וְאִם בֵּרֵר בְּיָדוֹ לֶאֱכל לְאַלְתַּר מֻתָּר:

A person who separates food from unwanted matter 319:12 who states that the prohibition against separation applies, not only to the separation of unwanted matter from food, but also to the separation of unwanted matter from substances other than food. This opinion is accepted by the later authorities. and one who separates one type of food from another food 319:4-5; Mishnah Berurah 319:15). using a sifter or a strainer is liable. If one separates using a tray 16:3. Rashi translates this as a sieve. His interpretation is accepted by most authorities. or a pot with compartments,:1. one is not liable. It is permitted to separate food by hand to eat immediately. 319:1) explains that "immediately" means "for the purpose of the meal that one is attending." If one separates the food for use at a later time, one is liable, as stated in the following halachah.

וְהַבּוֹרֵר פְּסלֶת מִתּוֹךְ הָאֹכֶל וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּיָדוֹ אַחַת חַיָּב. וְהַבּוֹרֵר תֻּרְמוֹסִין מִתּוֹךְ פְּסלֶת שֶׁלָּהֶן חַיָּב מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַפְּסלֶת שֶׁלָּהֶן מְמַתֶּקֶת אוֹתָן כְּשֶׁיִּשְׁלְקוּ אוֹתָן עִמָּהֶם וְנִמְצָא כְּבוֹרֵר פְּסלֶת מִתּוֹךְ אֹכֶל וְחַיָּב. הַבּוֹרֵר אֹכֶל מִתּוֹךְ פְּסלֶת בְּיָדוֹ לְהַנִּיחוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְבוֹ בַּיּוֹם נַעֲשָׂה כְּבוֹרֵר לָאוֹצָר וְחַיָּב. הָיוּ לְפָנָיו שְׁנֵי מִינֵי אֳכָלִין מְעֹרָבִין בּוֹרֵר אֶחָד מֵאַחֵר וּמַנִּיחַ לֶאֱכל מִיָּד. וְאִם בֵּרֵר וְהִנִּיחַ לְאַחַר זְמַן אֲפִלּוּ לְבוֹ בַּיּוֹם כְּגוֹן שֶׁבֵּרֵר בְּשַׁחֲרִית לֶאֱכל בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם חַיָּב:

A person who separates unwanted matter from food is liable, even if he does so using only one hand. (Orach Chayim 319:4). The Mishnah Berurah 319:17 notes that some texts of the Shulchan Aruch also do not include it.According to those versions that do include it, the intent is that using only one hand is not considered an abnormal way of performing this labor. A person who separates turmos beans from their shucks is liable, for the shucks sweeten them when they are cooked together. Therefore, one is considered to be taking unwanted matter from food and is held liable. beans are very bitter and must be cooked seven times before they are edible. The shucks help absorb some of this bitterness. Hence, they are not considered as unwanted matter. (See Rashi, Shabbat 74a.)A person who separates food from unwanted matter by hand and sets it aside [to serve] at a later time, 1-2). even later on [the Sabbath] itself, is considered to have separated for the purpose of storage and is held liable.If there were two types of food mixed together before a person, he may separate one from the other and place it aside to eat immediately. If he separated [one from the other] and set it aside [to serve] at a later time, even later on [the Sabbath] itself, he is liable - for example, one separated food in the morning to eat in the late afternoon. 319:6.)

המְשַׁמֵּר יַיִן אוֹ שֶׁמֶן אוֹ מַיִם וְכֵן שְׁאָר הַמַּשְׁקִין בַּמְּשַׁמֶּרֶת שֶׁלָּהֶן חַיָּב. וְהוּא שֶׁיְּשַׁמֵּר כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת. אֲבָל מְסַנְּנִין יַיִן שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ שְׁמָרִים אוֹ מַיִם צְלוּלִין בְּסוּדָרִין וּבִכְפִיפָה מִצְרִית כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא צָלוּל בְּיוֹתֵר. וְנוֹתְנִין מַיִם עַל גַּבֵּי שְׁמָרִים בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁיִּצּוֹלוּ. וְנוֹתְנִין בֵּיצָה טְרוּפָה לִמְסַנֶּנֶת שֶׁל חַרְדָּל כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּצָּלֵל. חַרְדָּל שֶׁלָּשׁוֹ מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת. לְמָחָר מְמַחֶה וְשׁוֹתֶה בֵּין בַּיָּד בֵּין בִּכְלִי. וְכֵן יַיִן מִגִּתּוֹ כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהוּא תּוֹסֵס טוֹרֵף חָבִית בִּשְׁמָרֶיהָ וְנוֹתֵן לְתוֹךְ הַסּוּדָרִין. שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא נִפְרְשׁוּ הַשְּׁמָרִים מִן הַיַּיִן יָפֶה יָפֶה וְכָל הַיַּיִן כְּגוּף אֶחָד הוּא. וְכֵן הַחַרְדָּל וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ:

A person who filters the dregs from wine, oil, water, or other liquids, using a utensil appropriate for this purpose 319:10 states "filter," seemingly implying all filters, even one not specifically made for that liquid. is liable, provided he removes the dregs from an amount of liquid equivalent to the size of a dried fig. One may, however, filter wine that has no dregs, or clear water, with a handkerchief or with an Egyptian basket so they will become crystal clear. 139b. According to the Rashba, one may filter even cloudy wine with a handkerchief or other strainer of this nature, since this is not the normal manner in which this activity is performed.According to the Rambam, although one would not be liable for straining the wine in this manner, it would still be forbidden by Rabbinic decree. The only filtering that is permitted is filtering wine that is already fit to be drunk, so that it will become crystal clear. One might ask: Of what value is such an act? The answer is that precisely because most people would not consider this activity of value, and only the most spoiled individuals would require it, is it permitted. (According to the Rashba, such beverages may even be filtered with an ordinary filter.) Though the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 319:10) mentions the Rambam's view, the Rashba's ruling is favored.We may pour water over wine dregs 20:2). so they will become clear.). [Similarly,] we may place a raw egg in a mustard strainer so that it becomes clear. 134a). In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Shabbat 20:2), the Rambam states that when raw eggs are mixed with coarse foods, they cause the lighter matter to rise above the heavier, coarse matter. Thus, by mixing the egg with the mustard, one will cause it to undergo a further process of refinement. Nevertheless, this is not included in the forbidden labor of separating.It must be noted that the Tur (Orach Chayim 319) explains that the problem in question in this instance is that the egg yolk will pass through the strainer, while the albumen will not. Nevertheless, this is not considered a derivative of the forbidden labor of separating. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 319:15) follows this interpretation.When one has mixed mustard on Friday, one may stir it by hand or with a utensil to make it fit to drink [on the Sabbath]. Similarly, while wine is in the process of fermentation, one may pour out a barrel of wine together with the dregs over handkerchiefs, for the dregs have not been finely separated from the wine and they are still considered a single mixture. 139b, explains that this straining process will not be very effective. Hence, it is permitted. Shulchan Aruch HaRav 319:14 focuses on the Rambam's words and explains that since the wine and the dregs are considered a single mixture, the forbidden labor of separation does not apply. The concept of separation applies when the desired entity and the dregs are distinct, and this is not true until the wine has completed the fermentation process. The same applies to mustard and all similar substances.).

הַטּוֹחֵן כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת חַיָּב. וְכָל הַשּׁוֹחֵק תַּבְלִין וְסַמָּנִין בְּמַכְתֶּשֶׁת הֲרֵי זֶה טוֹחֵן וְחַיָּב. הַמְחַתֵּךְ יָרָק תָּלוּשׁ הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת טוֹחֵן. וְכֵן הַנּוֹסֵר עֵצִים לֵהָנוֹת בִּנְסֹרֶת שֶׁלָּהֶן אוֹ הַשָּׁף לָשׁוֹן שֶׁל מַתֶּכֶת חַיָּב מִשֶּׁיָּשׁוּף כָּל שֶׁהוּא. אֲבָל הַמְחַתֵּךְ עֵצִים אֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיְּדַקְדֵּק מֵהֶן כְּדֵי לְבַשֵּׁל כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת מִבֵּיצָה:

A person who grinds [an amount of grain the size of] a dried fig is liable. One who crushes spices or herbs in a mortar is performing the labor of grinding and is held liable.A person who cuts a vegetable that has been detached from its source [into small pieces] performs a derivative of the labor of grinding. (Orach Chayim 321:12) quotes this law, it omits the above term, leading to the conclusion that one is liable even for cutting vegetables that one desires to eat raw. For this reason, in his gloss the Ramah clarifies that one is liable only when one cuts the vegetables and then stores them for later use, if one partakes of them immediately, one is not liable.Similarly, a person who saws wood in order to benefit from the sawdust, and similarly, one who files a piece of metal is liablefor filing even the slightest amount. A person who chops wood is not liable [for grinding] until he produces enough chips to cook an amount of egg the size of a dried fig.

הַמְרַקֵּד כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת חַיָּב. הַלָּשׁ כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת חַיָּב הַמְגַבֵּל אֶת הֶעָפָר הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת לָשׁ. וְכַמָּה שִׁעוּרוֹ כְּדֵי לַעֲשׂוֹת פִּי כּוּר שֶׁל צוֹרְפֵי זָהָב. וְאֵין גִּבּוּל בְּאֵפֶר וְלֹא בְּחוֹל הַגַּס וְלֹא בְּמֻרְסָן וְלֹא בְּכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְהַנּוֹתֵן זֶרַע שֻׁמְשְׁמִין אוֹ זֶרַע פִּשְׁתָּן וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן בְּמַיִם חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם לָשׁ. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן מִתְעָרְבִין וְנִתְלִין זֶה בָּזֶה:

A person who sifts [an amount of flour the size of] a dried fig is liable.A person who kneads [dough. The Eglei Tal differs, maintaining that for a person to be liable, the flour used for the dough must be this size before water is added. the size of] a dried fig is liable. Mixing earth [for use as cement] is a derivative of kneading. What is the minimum amount for which one is liable? The amount necessary to make a crucible for a goldsmith. The activity of mixing cement cannot be performed with ash, coarse sand, bran, or the like. 155b) mentions that kneading involves actually mixing the dough with one's hands. Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi differs and maintains that one is liable for kneading as soon as one pours water into flour. This opinion is accepted by some authorities (Sefer HaTerumot) and is referred to in the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 321:16).A person who places sesame seeds, flax seeds, or the like in water is liable for kneading, 336:51 which states that this applies only when one has the intent that they sprout. A person who soaks seeds so that they soften is not liable.) If one pours water over the seeds mentioned in this halachah, one is liable for kneading. because they become attached to each other.