Mishneh Torah — The Chosen Temple (Beit HaBechirah) הלכות בית הבחירה, Chapter 2

הַמִּזְבֵחַ מְקוֹמוֹ מְכֻוָּן בְּיוֹתֵר. וְאֵין מְשַׁנִּין אוֹתוֹ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ לְעוֹלָם. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כב א) "זֶה מִזְבַּח לְעוֹלָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל". וּבַמִּקְדָּשׁ נֶעֱקַד יִצְחָק אָבִינוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כב ב) "וְלֶךְ לְךָ אֶל אֶרֶץ הַמֹּרִיָּה". וְנֶאֱמַר בְּדִבְרֵי הַיָּמִים (דברי הימים ב ג א) "וַיָּחֶל שְׁלֹמֹה לִבְנוֹת אֶת בֵּית ה' בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם בְּהַר הַמּוֹרִיָּה אֲשֶׁר נִרְאָה לְדָוִיד אָבִיהוּ אֲשֶׁר הֵכִין בִּמְקוֹם דָּוִיד בְּגֹרֶן אָרְנָן הַיְבוּסִי":

The Altar is [to be constructed] in a very precise location, which may never be changed, 11:1): "He will build the Sanctuary in its place." There, he does not state "its precise location," for although the Messianic Temple in its entirety will also be built on Mt. Moriah, certain aspects of it will not correspond exactly to the Temples. Nevertheless, even then, the Altar in particular will be positioned in precisely the same location as before. as it is said (II Chronicles 22:1 : "This is the Altar for the burnt offerings of Israel."Isaac was prepared as a sacrifice on the Temple's [future] site, as it is said (Genesis 22:2 : "Go to the land of Moriah," relates that the altar which Abraham constructed on Mt. Moriah had twelve stones. Later, when Jacob journeyed to Charan (Genesis, ch. 28), he slept on Mt. Moriah and "took from the stones of the place and put them at his head." The stones he collected were the twelve used by Abraham. God fused them all into a single stone and the unified rock was embedded in the very foundation of the earth. That stone was referred to as Even HaShtiah, (see also Chapter 4, Halachah 1) "the foundation stone." It was located in the Holy of Holies.Thus, Abraham's altar was apparently not built on the site of the altar to be built by his descendants, but rather, at the ultimate location of the Holy of Holies. However, this difficulty can be resolved. Jacob "took from the stones," and moved them from their original place, the Altar's future site, to a different location, that of the Holy of Holies. and in Chronicles (II 3:1), it is said: "Then, Solomon began to build the House of the Lord in Jerusalem, on Mt. Moriah, where [the Lord] appeared to David, his father, in the place that David had prepared, 62a relates that David used prophetic vision in choosing the site of the altar. According to one opinion, he saw the Heavenly Altar on which the angel Michael offers sacrifices. According to a second view, he saw the ashes of Isaac. in the threshing floor of Ornan, the Jebusite."

וּמָסֹרֶת בְּיַד הַכּל שֶׁהַמָּקוֹם שֶׁבָּנָה בּוֹ דָּוִד וּשְׁלֹמֹה הַמִּזְבֵּחַ בְּגֹרֶן אֲרַוְנָה הוּא הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁבָּנָה בּוֹ אַבְרָהָם הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְעָקַד עָלָיו יִצְחָק. וְהוּא הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁבָּנָה בּוֹ נֹחַ כְּשֶׁיָּצָא מִן הַתֵּבָה. וְהוּא הַמִּזְבֵּחַ שֶׁהִקְרִיב עָלָיו קַיִן וְהֶבֶל. וּבוֹ הִקְרִיב אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן קָרְבָּן כְּשֶׁנִּבְרָא וּמִשָּׁם נִבְרָא. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אָדָם מִמְּקוֹם כַּפָּרָתוֹ נִבְרָא:

It is universally accepted before its conquest by the Jewish people were so idolatrous that our Sages declared: "Wherever you see a lofty mountain ...or a leafy tree, know that idols were worshipped there." Since the Temple Mount was also a high mountain, surely it would have been considered an appropriate place for pagan rites.However, since the holiness of the Altar's site was universally accepted, even the Gentiles did not profane its sanctity with idol worship. that the place on which David and Solomon built the Altar, the threshing floor of Ornan, is the location where Abraham built the Altar on which he prepared Isaac for sacrifice.Noah built [an altar] on that location when he left the ark. It was also [the place] of the Altar on which Cain and Abel brought sacrifices. 4:3-5. [Similarly,] Adam, the first man, offered a sacrifice there and was created at that very spot,, the Laws of God's Chosen House, implying that God did not select Mount Moriah as the Temple site because of its inherent holiness, but because of His own choice and desire. That choice was clearly expressed in the previous Halachah which states: "the place of the Altar is extremely exact... as it is said: 'This is the altar for the burnt offerings of Israel.'As such, it can be explained that the Rambam does not recount the various historical events mentioned in this Halachah just to bring further proof of the holiness of the Altar's site. That is unnecessary. Rather, he wanted to demonstrate that many righteous men were aware of the uniqueness of the Altar's site through prophetic vision, and for this reason, they made efforts to offer their sacrifices there.Why does the Rambam relate all these historical events? As he clearly states in his introduction to the Mishneh Torah, his goal is not to summarize the Talmud's teachings regarding a particular subject, but to describe how to carry out the various mitzvot. These historical facts do not seem to facilitate his objective.The need for these additions may be explained by comparison to the Rambam's decisions regarding the right to the monarchy. In that context, the Rambam writes that although God chose David and his descendants as kings and endowed them with the monarchy forever, there was a Halachic legitimacy to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel (the ten tribes). Since the first king, Jereboam, was appointed by a prophet, his regal power must be recognized. (Hilchot Melachim 1:7,8).It could be inferred that a similar ruling might apply in regard to the altar: i.e. the Altar on Mount Moriah would remain holy forever, however, another altar of similar status could also be established. In order to eliminate that presumption, the Rambam presents a number of examples, illustrating that throughout the generations, from the time of Adam, the prophets had tried to bring sacrifices on this site alone. These efforts clearly imply that there is not, nor will there be, another place with a similar degree of holiness (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 19, p.140-7). as our Sages said: "Man was created from the place where he [would find] atonement." 14:8), according to Sanhedrin 38b, Adam appears to have been created in the Garden of Eden, a considerable distance from this location. Generally, when a conflict arises between sources, the decision is based upon the Babylonian Talmud. Hence, one might ask why the Rambam favored the other sources in this case.

מִדּוֹת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מְכֻוָּנוֹת הַרְבֵּה וְצוּרָתוֹ יְדוּעָה אִישׁ מֵאִישׁ. וּמִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁבָּנוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה כְּעֵין מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁעָתִיד לְהִבָּנוֹת עָשׂוּהוּ וְאֵין לְהוֹסִיף עַל מִדָּתוֹ וְלֹא לִגְרֹעַ מִמֶּנָּה:

The dimensions of the Altar must be very precise. Its design has been passed down from one to another [over the course of the generations].The altar built by the exiles [returning from Babylon] was constructed according to the design of the Altar to be built in the Messianic age. We may not increase or reduce its dimensions.

וּשְׁלֹשָׁה נְבִיאִים עָלוּ עִמָּהֶם מִן הַגּוֹלָה. אֶחָד הֵעִיד לָהֶן עַל מְקוֹם הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. וְאֶחָד הֵעִיד לָהֶן עַל מִדּוֹתָיו. וְאֶחָד הֵעִיד לָהֶן שֶׁמַּקְרִיבִין עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ הַזֶּה כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין שָׁם בַּיִת:

Three prophets returned to [Eretz Yisrael] with the people: one attested to the site of the Altar; the second, to its dimensions; and the third attested to [the Halachah permitting] all sacrifices to be offered on that Altar, even though the Temple itself was not [built] there [yet]. 62a. However, the terminology in that source regarding Malachi's testimony is different. According to the Talmud, the prophet stated that "all the sacrifices may be offered, even though the Temple was not [built];" and the Rambam adds the phrase "on that Altar."Later commentaries have explained the significance of that addition, based on the following episode. In the Middle Ages, the Sage, Rabbi Chayim (according to other sources, Rabbi Yechiel) of Paris made Aliyah and settled in Jerusalem. He wanted to offer sacrifices on the Temple Mount. In analyzing this account, the Chatam Sofer (Yoreh De'ah, Responsum 336) explained that this must have referred to the Pascal sacrifice, which could be offered in a state of ritual impurity and yet, did not have to be purchased with communal funds.Among the reasons the commentaries have given why such a sacrifice could not be offered is that we are lacking an Altar with its proper size and dimensions. In contrast, the exiles who returned from Babylon were allowed to offer sacrifices on the altar built according to the prophets' directives.

מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁעָשָׂה משֶׁה וְשֶׁעָשָׂה שְׁלֹמֹה וְשֶׁעָשׂוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה וְשֶׁעָתִיד לְהֵעָשׂוֹת כֻּלָּן עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת גֹּבַהּ כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן. וְזֶה הַכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות כז א) "וְשָׁלֹשׁ אַמּוֹת קוֹמָתוֹ" מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה בִּלְבַד. וּמִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁעָשׂוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה וְכֵן הֶעָתִיד לְהִבָּנוֹת מִדַּת אָרְכּוֹ וְרָחְבּוֹ ל"ב אַמּוֹת עַל ל"ב אַמּוֹת:

The Altar constructed by Moses, and, [similarly,] that built by Solomon, and that erected by the [returning] exiles, and that to be built [in the Messianic age] are all ten cubits high. Though the Torah states [Exodus 27:1]: "Its height will be three cubits," [that refers to] the surface on which the wood for the sacrifices was arranged. 59b, which records a dispute among the Sages concerning the height of Moses' (and hence, all subsequent) Altar(s).Among the proofs brought for the opinion accepted by the Rambam are the following:a) an analogy drawn between the sacrificial altar and the incense altar. Just as the latter's height was twice its length, so, too, the height of the sacrificial altar (10 cubits) was twice its length (5 cubits).b) The height of Moses' Altar had to equal that of the Sanctuary that accompanied the Jews in the desert, which was 10 cubits high.The length and breadth of the Altar built by the [returning] exiles and, similarly, the one to be built in the Messianic Age, is 32 cubits by 32 cubits.

עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת שֶׁל גֹּבַהּ הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מֵהֶן בְּאַמָּה בַּת חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים וּמֵהֶן בְּאַמָּה בַּת שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וּשְׁאָר כָּל אַמּוֹת הַבִּנְיָן בְּאַמָּה בַּת שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וְגֹבַהּ כָּל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ נ"ח טְפָחִים:

The 10 cubits of the Altar's height [were not measured in a consistent manner.] 17:10 relates that a cubit used in building was generally six handbreadths long. In contrast, the cubit used to measure utensils was five handbreadths long. An exception to this principle was made in regard to the Altar. Sometimes the measure of a "cubit" was six handbreadths, while in other cases, the cubit's measure was five handbreadths. In all other cases, the cubits mentioned in the dimensions of the Temple are six handbreadths.The height of the entire Altar was 58 handbreadths.

וְכָךְ הָיְתָה מִדָּתוֹ וְצוּרָתוֹ. עָלָה חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְכָנַס חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים זֶהוּ יְסוֹד. נִמְצָא רֹחַב שְׁלֹשִׁים אַמָּה וּשְׁנֵי טְפָחִים עַל רֹחַב שְׁלֹשִׁים אַמָּה וּשְׁנֵי טְפָחִים. עָלָה שְׁלֹשִׁים טְפָחִים וְכָנַס חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים זֶהוּ סוֹבֵב [עָלָה י"ח טְפָחִים זֶהוּ מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה] נִמְצָא רָחְבּוֹ שְׁמוֹנֶה וְעֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים עַל שְׁמוֹנֶה וְעֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים [עָלָה י"ח טְפָחִים וְכוֹנֵס לְקֶרֶן זָוִית שֶׁל הַי"ח בִּנְיָן חָלוּל מְרֻבָּע לְכָל אַרְבַּע קְרָנוֹת] וּמְקוֹם הַקְּרָנוֹת אַמָּה מִזֶּה וְאַמָּה מִזֶּה סָבִיב. וְכֵן מְקוֹם רַגְלֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים אַמָּה סָבִיב. נִמְצָא מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה רָחְבּוֹ עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים עַל עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים:

The [Altar's] dimensions and design were as follows:. The accompanying diagram is based on the Rambam's original.This entire Halachah is based on the Rambam's interpretation of Ezekiel's vision. Rashi interprets that prophecy differently, and many Rabbinic opinions follow his view. See the Kessef Mishneh and other commentaries. Five handbreadths up and five handbreadths in [form a step called] the base. Thus, the [remaining area of the Altar] was 30 cubits and two handbreadths by 30 cubits and two handbreadths.Thirty handbreadths [further] up and 5 handbreadths [further] in is [called] the surrounding ledge.).The height of thirty handbreadths is considered as five cubits, for this cubit is measured by six handbreadths.Thus, its area was 28 cubits and four handbreadths by 28 cubits and four handbreadths.Go up eighteen handbreadths, place a hollow, rectangular structure in each corner of this surface [thus, creating the Altar's] four horns.The area encompassed by the horns was one cubit by one cubit on all sides. Similarly, the space for the priests to walk was a cubit on all sides.[Thus,] the surface on which [the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged was 24 cubits and four handbreadths by 24 cubits and four handbreadths. (Sukkah 45a) concur with the Rambam's opinion that the horns stood directly perpendicular to the Altar.

גֹּבַהּ כָּל קֶרֶן וְקֶרֶן חֲמִשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וְרִבּוּעַ כָּל קֶרֶן אַמָּה עַל אַמָּה. וְאַרְבַּע הַקְּרָנוֹת חֲלוּלוֹת הָיוּ מִתּוֹכָן. וְגֹבַהּ מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה י"ח טְפָחִים. נִמְצָא חֲצִי גֹּבַהּ הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כ"ט טְפָחִים מִסּוֹף הַסּוֹבֵב וּלְמַטָּה:

Each horn was five handbreadths high. The area of each horn was a cubit by a cubit. [All] four horns were hollow. 54b derives this concept as follows: The prophet Zechariah declared: "And they shall be filled like bowls, like the corners of the Altar." Thus, that vision implies that the horns located on the Altar's corners can serve as receptacles.Thus, the surface on which [the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged was 18 handbreadths above [the surrounding ledge.]Half of the Altar's height [began] 6 handbreadths below the end of the surrounding ledge.

וְחוּט שֶׁל סִקְרָה הָיָה חוֹגֵר בְּאֶמְצַע הַמִּזְבֵּחַ [כְּשִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים מִסּוֹף הַסּוֹבֵב וּלְמַטָּה] לְהַבְדִּיל בֵּין דָּמִים הָעֶלְיוֹנִים לְדָמִים הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים. וְנִמְצָא גָּבְהוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ עַד מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה תֵּשַׁע אַמּוֹת פָּחוֹת טֶפַח:

A scarlet band 53a. is girded around the middle of the Altar six handbreadths below the surrounding ledge to separate between the blood [to be cast on] the upper [portion of the Altar] 6:20). and the blood [to be sprinkled on] the lower [portion of the Altar]. 7:6). Similarly, the blood of animals brought as burnt, guilt, or peace offerings was sprinkled in the same place (ibid. 5:6).Thus, the distance from the earth to the surface on which [the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged was a handbreadth less than nine cubits.

יְסוֹד הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לֹא הָיָה מַקִּיף מֵאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹתָיו כְּמוֹ הַסּוֹבֵב. אֶלָּא הָיָה הַיְסוֹד מָשׁוּךְ כְּנֶגֶד כָּל רוּחַ צָפוֹן וּמַעֲרָבִי וְאוֹכֵל בַּדָּרוֹם אַמָּה אַחַת וּבַמִּזְרָח אַמָּה אַחַת. וְקֶרֶן דְּרוֹמִית מִזְרָחִית לֹא הָיָה לָהּ יְסוֹד:

The ledge encircled the Altar on all four sides. The base did not. 53b explains that although a major portion of the Temple Mount was in Judah's inheritance, the Altar was to be positioned in the tribal inheritance of Benjamin. (Note the Targum on Genesis 49:27.)A small stretch of land extended out of the inheritance of Judah into that of Benjamin, and occupied a portion of the space that should have been taken by the Altar's base. That space was left empty to insure that the entire structure of the Altar was in the inheritance of Benjamin. Note the commentary to Chapter 7, Halachah 14. The base encompassed the entire northern and western sides [of the Altar], and consumed one cubit on the South side and one cubit on the east side. ) expresses the same concept. See the accompanying diagram.[Thus,] the southeast corner [of the Altar] did not have a base.

וּבְקֶרֶן מַעֲרָבִית דְּרוֹמִית הָיוּ שְׁנֵי נְקָבִים כְּמִין שֵׁנִי חֳטָמִין דַּקִּין. וְהֵן הַנִּקְרָאִין שִׁיתִין שֶׁהַדָּמִים יוֹרְדִין בָּהֶן וּמִתְעָרְבִין בְּאוֹתָהּ הַקֶּרֶן בָּאַמָּה וְיוֹצְאִין לַנַּחַל קִדְרוֹן:

There were two holes in the southwest corner [of the Altar's base], 3:2.) resembling two thin nostrils. They were called Shittin. meaning "flow." The blood from the Altar flowed away through these holes. The blood 10:7). [which was poured onto the Altar] would run off through them and be mixed together in the drainage canal in that corner. From there, it would flow out to the Kidron River.).

וּלְמַטָּה בָּרִצְפָּה בְּאוֹתוֹ הַקֶּרֶן הָיָה מְקוֹם אַמָּה עַל אַמָּה וְטַבְלָא שֶׁל שַׁיִשׁ וְטַבַּעַת קְבוּעָה בָּהּ שֶׁבּוֹ יוֹרְדִין לַשִּׁיתִין וּמְנַקִּין אוֹתוֹ:

Below, in the floor of that corner of the Altar, was a place, a cubit by a cubit, [covered by] a block of marble, with a ring affixed to it. They would descend there to the Shittin and clean them.

וְכֶבֶשׁ הָיָה בָּנוּי לִדְרוֹמוֹ שֶׁל מִזְבֵּחַ. אָרְכּוֹ שְׁלֹשִׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם אַמָּה עַל רֹחַב ט"ז אַמָּה וְהָיָה אוֹכֵל בָּאָרֶץ שְׁלֹשִׁים אַמָּה מִצַּד הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. וּפוֹרֵחַ מִמֶּנָּה אַמָּה עַל הַיְסוֹד וְאַמָּה עַל הַסּוֹבֵב. וַאֲוִיר מְעַט הָיָה מַפְסִיק בֵּין הַכֶּבֶשׁ לַמִּזְבֵּחַ כְּדֵי לִתֵּן הָאֵיבָרִים לַמִּזְבֵּחַ בִּזְרִיקָה. וְגֹבַהּ הַכֶּבֶשׁ תֵּשַׁע אַמּוֹת פָּחוֹת שְׁתוּת עַד כְּנֶגֶד הַמַּעֲרָכָה:

The ramp was constructed to the south of the Altar. Its length was 32 cubits, and its width, sixteen cubits. It consumed 30 cubits on the ground adjacent to the Altar, and extended [further, covering] one cubit of the base and one cubit of the surrounding ledge.There was a small space between the ramp and the Altar so that the limbs [of the sacrifices] would have to be tossed to reach the Altar. 62b explains the necessity to toss the limbs, as follows: The Torah draws an analogy between the flesh of an offering and its blood, as it is written (Deuteronomy 12:27 : "You shall sacrifice your burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood." The blood must be tossed on the Altar, as it is written (Leviticus 1:5 : "And they shall toss the blood on the Altar." Hence, the limbs must also reach the pyre in that fashion.See also Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot 6:4.The height of the ramp was nine cubits minus a sixth of a cubit. It equaled that of [the surface on which the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged.

וּשְׁנֵי כְּבָשִׁים קְטַנִּים יוֹצְאִים מִמֶּנּוּ שֶׁבָּהֶם פּוֹנִים לַיְסוֹד וְלַסּוֹבֵב וּמֻבְדָּלִין מִן הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כִּמְלֹא נִימָא. וְחַלּוֹן הָיְתָה בְּמַעֲרָבוֹ שֶׁל כֶּבֶשׁ אַמָּה עַל אַמָּה וּרְבוּבָה הָיְתָה נִקְרֵאת. שֶׁבָּהּ נוֹתְנִין פְּסוּלֵי חַטַּאת הָעוֹף עַד שֶׁתַּעֲבֹר צוּרָתָהּ וְתֵצֵא לְבֵית הַשְּׂרֵפָה:

Two small ramps extended from it. One led to the base, and the other to the surrounding ledge.). Some other authorities maintain that both smaller ramps were situated on the west side of the Altar. Though the Rambam does not state his opinion explicitly, from his description of the sacrificial proceedings (Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot: 6:20, 7:10), it appears that he accepts the first opinion. They were set off from the Altar by a hair's breadth.There was an aperture on the west side). of the ramp, a cubit by a cubit. It was called the Rivuvah.. His opinion is not accepted by most authorities, as explained in the Kessef Mishneh. There, fowl that had been disqualified for use as sin offerings would be placed until their form decomposed, at which time they could be taken out to be burnt..).A woman who gave birth was obligated to bring a bird as a sin offering. Hence, it was a very common sacrifice. The Rivuvah was constructed to store the birds which had become disqualified. It thus prevented confusion between those birds which were disqualified, and those which were fit to be sacrificed (Tifferet Yisrael).

וּשְׁנֵי שֻׁלְחָנוֹת הָיוּ בְּמַעֲרַב הַכֶּבֶשׁ אֶחָד שֶׁל שַׁיִשׁ שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין עָלָיו אֶת הָאֵיבָרִים וְאֶחָד שֶׁל כֶּסֶף שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין עָלָיו כְּלֵי הַשָּׁרֵת:

Two tables were [placed] on the left side of the ramp:One of marble, on which the limbs [of the sacrifices to be offered on the Altar] were placed, 6:4, and Tamid 31b. andOne of silver, on which sacrificial vessels were placed.

כְּשֶׁבּוֹנִין הַמִּזְבֵּחַ בּוֹנִין אוֹתוֹ כֻּלּוֹ אָטוּם כְּמִין עַמּוּד וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין בּוֹ חָלָל כְּלָל. אֶלָּא מֵבִיא אֲבָנִים שְׁלֵמוֹת גְּדוֹלוֹת וּקְטַנּוֹת וּמֵבִיא סִיד וְזֶפֶת וְקוּנְיָא וּמְמַחֶה וְשׁוֹפַךְ לְתוֹךְ מַלְבֵּן גָּדוֹל כְּמִדָּתוֹ וּבוֹנֶה וְעוֹלֶה. וְנוֹתֵן בְּתוֹךְ הַבִּנְיָן גּוּף שֶׁל עֵץ אוֹ אֶבֶן בְּקֶרֶן דְּרוֹמִית מִזְרָחִית כְּמִדַּת הַיְסוֹד. וְכֵן נוֹתֵן בְּתוֹךְ כָּל קֶרֶן וְקֶרֶן עַד שֶׁיַּשְׁלִים הַבִּנְיָן וְיָסִיר הַגּוּפִים שֶׁבְּתוֹךְ הַבִּנְיָן כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּשָּׁאֵר קֶרֶן דְּרוֹמִית מִזְרָחִית בְּלֹא יְסוֹד וְיִשָּׁאֲרוּ הַקְּרָנוֹת חֲלוּלִין:

When we build the Altar, it must be made as one solid block, resembling a pillar. No empty cavity may be left at all.). However, such a structure was not acceptable for the Temple.We must bring whole stones, both large and small. Then we must create a liquid with lime, pitch, and molten lead, and pour it [over the stones] into a large mold of its dimensions. We must build it in this manner, ascending [level by level]. 54a describes the Altar's construction in detail: First, a mold 32 cubits by 32 cubits, and one cubit high, was brought to create the base. The mixture of stones, lime, pitch, and molten lead was poured into it. Then, the mold for the second level, the surrounding ledge, was placed down. This mold was 30 cubits by 30 cubits and five cubits high. After the mixture was poured into it, the mold for the Altar's upper surface was brought. That mold, 28 cubits by 28 cubits, was three cubits high. Once it was filled, four molds, each a cubit by a cubit and one cubit high, were placed in each corner for the horns.The measures mentioned above were all rounded off. As mentioned in Halachot 6-7, additional handbreadths must be added or subtracted for all these measures.We must place a block of wood or stone in the southeast corner of the structure, equal to the measure of [the missing portion of the Altar's] base. Similarly, [blocks] must be placed in each horn until the building is completed. Then, the blocks may be removed from the structure, thus leaving the southeast corner without a base, and the horns, hollow.

אַרְבַּע קְרָנוֹת שֶׁל מִזְבֵּחַ וִיסוֹדוֹ וְרִבּוּעוֹ מְעַכְּבִין. וְכָל מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁאֵין לוֹ קֶרֶן יְסוֹד וְכֶבֶשׁ וְרִבּוּעַ הֲרֵי הוּא פָּסוּל שֶׁאַרְבַּעְתָּן מְעַכְּבִין. אֲבָל מִדַּת אָרְכּוֹ וּמִדַּת רָחְבּוֹ וּמִדַּת קוֹמָתוֹ אֵינָן מְעַכְּבִין. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִפְחֹת מֵאַמָּה עַל אַמָּה בְּרוּם שָׁלֹשׁ אַמּוֹת כְּשִׁעוּר מְקוֹם הַמַּעֲרָכָה שֶׁל מִזְבַּח מִדְבָּר:

The four horns, the base, and a square shape are absolute requirements for the Altar. Any Altar which lacks [either] a horn, a base, a ramp, or a square shape, is unfit for use, for these four are absolute requirements., the Altar, implying that the Altar can only be called an Altar if it possesses these elements. If even one is lacking, the Altar is incomplete (Rashi, Zevachim, 62a):In regard to the horns, it is written (Leviticus 4:18 : "the horns of the Altar."In regard to the base, it is written (ibid.:34): "to the base of the Altar."In regard to the ramp, it is written (ibid. 6:7): "to the face of the Altar." This phrase refers to the ramp, for it faces the Altar and allows access to it.In regard to the Altar's square shape, it is written (Exodus 27:1 : "The Altar shall be square."However, the measures of length, width, and height, are not absolute requirements, provided they are not less than a cubit by a cubit [in area,] and three cubits high. [The latter were] the dimensions of the surface [on which the wood for the sacrifices] was arranged for the altar [in the Sanctuary that accompanied the Jews] in the desert.

מִזְבֵּחַ שֶׁנִּפְגַּם מִבִּנְיָנוֹ אִם נִפְגַּם מִבִּנְיָנוֹ טֶפַח פָּסוּל פָּחוֹת מִטֶּפַח כָּשֵׁר וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה בַּנִּשְׁאָר אֶבֶן פְּגוּמָה:

[The following laws apply when] the structure of the Altar is damaged. If a handbreadth of its structure is damaged, it is unfit for use. explains that since the Torah requires whole stones to be used for the Altar, even the slightest damage renders them unfit for use. In contrast, the Torah does not make such a specification regarding the Altar itself. Hence, as long as the damage is not extensive, the Altar is not disqualified. If less than a handbreadth [is damaged], it is acceptable, 18a records a debate on this subject, between Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and Rabbi Elazer ben Yaakov. Rabbi Shimon mentions the measure quoted by the Rambam, while Rabbi Elazer maintains that even smaller damage, the size of an olive, can render the Altar unfit for use. Though generally, halachah is usually decided according to Rabbi Elazer's opinion, the Rambam chose that of Rabbi Shimon. provided none of the remaining stones are damaged.