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Tanya — Likutei Amarim לִקּוּטֵי אֲמָרִים, Chapter 14

The full Hebrew text of Tanya, Likutei Amarim, Chapter 14, with English translation by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (the Alter Rebbe).

וְהִנֵּה, מִדַּת הַבֵּינוֹנִי, הִיא מִדַּת כָּל אָדָם וְאַחֲרֶיהָ כָּל אָדָם יִמְשׁוֹךְ, שֶׁכָּל אָדָם יָכוֹל לִהְיוֹת בֵּינוֹנִי בְּכָל עֵת וּבְכָל שָׁעָה. כִּי, הַבֵּינוֹנִי אֵינוֹ מוֹאֵס בְּרָע, שֶׁזֶּהוּ דָּבָר הַמָּסוּר לַלֵּב וְלֹא כָּל הָעִתִּים שָׁווֹת, אֶלָא ״סוּר מֵרַע וַעֲשֵׂה טוֹב״, דְּהַיְינוּ בְּפוֹעַל מַמָּשׁ, בְּמַעֲשֶׂה דִּבּוּר וּמַחֲשָׁבָה, שֶׁבָּהֶם הַבְּחִירָה וְהַיְכוֹלֶת וְהָרְשׁוּת נְתוּנָה לְכָל אָדָם לַעֲשׂוֹת וּלְדַבֵּר וְלַחֲשׁוֹב גַּם מַה שֶּׁהוּא נֶגֶד תַּאֲוַת לִבּוֹ וְהֶפְכָּהּ מַמָּשׁ, כִּי גַּם בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַלֵּב חוֹמֵד וּמִתְאַוֶּה אֵיזוֹ תַּאֲוָה גַשְׁמִיִּית בְּהֶיתֵּר אוֹ בְּאִיסּוּר חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, יָכוֹל לְהִתְגַּבֵּר וּלְהַסִּיחַ דַּעְתּוֹ מִמֶּנָּה לְגַמְרֵי, בְּאָמְרוֹ לְלִבּוֹ: אֵינֶנִּי רוֹצֶה לִהְיוֹת רָשָׁע אֲפִילוּ שָׁעָה אַחַת, כִּי אֵינֶנִּי רוֹצֶה לִהְיוֹת מוּבְדָּל וְנִפְרָד חַס וְשָׁלוֹם מֵה׳ אֶחָד בְּשׁוּם אוֹפֶן, כְּדִכְתִיב: ״עֲוֹנוֹתֵיכֶם מַבְדִּילִים וְגוֹ׳״, רַק אֲנִי רוֹצֶה לְדָבְקָה בוֹ נַפְשִׁי רוּחִי וְנִשְׁמָתִי, בְּהִתְלַבְּשָׁן בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה לְבוּשָׁיו יִתְבָּרֵךְ, שֶׁהֵם: מַעֲשֶׂה דִּבּוּר וּמַחֲשָׁבָה בַּה׳ וְתוֹרָתוֹ וּמִצְוֹתָיו, מֵאַהֲבָה מְסוּתֶּרֶת שֶׁבְּלִבִּי לַה׳, כְּמוֹ בְּלֵב כְּלָלוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ ״אוֹהֲבֵי שְׁמֶךָ״, וַאֲפִילוּ קַל שֶׁבְּקַלִּים יָכוֹל לִמְסוֹר נַפְשׁוֹ עַל קְדוּשַּׁת ה׳, וְלֹא נוֹפֵל אָנֹכִי מִמֶּנּוּ בְּוַדַּאי, אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּכְנַס בּוֹ רוּחַ שְׁטוּת, וְנִדְמֶה לוֹ שֶׁבַּעֲבֵירָה זוֹ עוֹדֶנּוּ בְּיַהֲדוּתוֹ וְאֵין נִשְׁמָתוֹ מוּבְדֶּלֶת מֵאֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְגַם, שׁוֹכֵחַ אַהֲבָתוֹ לַה׳ הַמְסוּתֶּרֶת בְּלִבּוֹ, אֲבָל אֲנִי, אֵינֶנִּי רוֹצֶה לִהְיוֹת שׁוֹטֶה כָּמוֹהוּ לִכְפּוֹר הָאֱמֶת.

The rank of benoni is one that is attainable by every man, and each person should strive after it. Every person can at any time or hour be a benoni, because the benoni does not revile evil—for that is a feeling entrusted to the heart, and not all times are alike. [His task is] only to “Turn away from evil and do good,” in actual practice—in deed, speech, or thought, wherein the choice, ability, and freedom are given to every man that he may act, speak, and think even what is contrary to the desire of his heart and diametrically opposed to it. Even when the heart craves and desires a material pleasure, whether permitted or, G–d forbid, prohibited, he can steel himself and divert his attention from it altogether, declaring to himself, “I will not be wicked even for a moment, because I will not be parted and separated, Heaven forefend! from the One G–d under any circumstances, being mindful of the admonition, ‘Your iniquities interpose between you and G–d.’ Instead, my real desire is to unite my nefesh, ruach, and neshamah with Him, through investing them in His three garments, blessed be He, namely, in action, speech, and thought dedicated to G–d, His Torah, and His commandments, by virtue of the love of G–d that is hidden in my heart, as in the heart of all Jews, who are called ‘those who love Your Name.’ Even the most unworthy among the worthless is capable of sacrificing himself for the sanctity of G–d; surely, I am not inferior to him. It is only that a spirit of folly has overcome him, and he imagines that committing a sin will not affect his Jewishness and his soul will not be severed thereby from the G–d of Israel, forgetting also about his love of G–d which is hidden in his heart. But as for me, I have no desire to be such a fool as he to deny the truth!”

מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּדָבָר הַמָּסוּר לַלֵּב, דְּהַיְינוּ, שֶׁיְּהֵא הָרָע מָאוּס מַמָּשׁ בַּלֵּב וְשָׂנאוּי בְּתַכְלִית שִׂנְאָה – אוֹ אֲפִילוּ שֶׁלֹּא בְּתַכְלִית שִׂנְאָה – הִנֵּה זֶה, אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בֶּאֱמֶת לַאֲמִיתּוֹ, אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי גּוֹדֶל וְתוֹקֶף הָאַהֲבָה לַה׳, בִּבְחִינַת ״אַהֲבָה בְּתַּעֲנוּגִים״, לְהִתְעַנֵּג עַל ה׳ מֵעֵין עוֹלָם הַבָּא, וְעַל זֶה אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ־זִכְרוֹנָם־לִבְרָכָה: ״עוֹלָמְךָ תִּרְאֶה בְּחַיֶּיךָ כוּ׳״; וְאֵין כָּל אָדָם זוֹכֶה לָזֶה, כִּי זֶהוּ כְּעֵין קִבּוּל שָׂכָר, וּכְדִכְתִיב: ״עֲבוֹדַת מַתָּנָה אֶתֵּן אֶת כְּהוּנַּתְכֶם וְגוֹ׳״, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר.

It is different, however, with something that is entrusted to the heart, namely, that the evil should actually be despised in the heart and abhorred with absolute hatred, or even not quite so absolutely. (above, ch. 10). This cannot be attained, truly and sincerely, except through great and intense love of G–d, the kind of ecstatic love and Divine bliss which is akin to the World to Come. Of this experience the Rabbis said, 17a. “You shall see your world in your lifetime…,” and not every man can attain this state, for this is in the nature of a gracious reward, as is written, “I will make your priestly office a rewarding service…,” as is explained elsewhere.

וְלָכֵן אָמַר אִיּוֹב: ״בָּרָאתָ צַדִּיקִים כוּ׳״; וְכִדְאִיתָא בַּתִּיקּוּנִים, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּנִשְׁמוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּמָּה מִינֵי מַדְרֵגוֹת וּבְחִינוֹת: חֲסִידִים, גִּבּוֹרִים הַמִּתְגַּבְּרִים עַל יִצְרָם, מָארֵי תוֹרָה, נְבִיאִים כוּ׳, צַדִּיקִים כוּ׳, עַיֵּין שָׁם:

Therefore Job said, “You have created righteous men….” is therefore “created,” i.e., given to a very few by Divine grace, and not easily attainable by one’s own efforts. Hence it is possible for Job to say, “You have created righteous men.” See beg. ch. 1. It is also found in Tikkunei Zohar that in the souls of [the people of] Israel there are many kinds of gradations and distinctions—pious men, strong men who gain mastery over their nature, scholars of the Torah, prophets, and so on, tzaddikim, and so forth. Note there.

וּבָזֶה יוּבַן כֶּפֶל לְשׁוֹן הַשְּׁבוּעָה: ״תְּהִי צַדִּיק, וְאַל תְּהִי רָשָׁע״; דְּלִכְאוֹרָה תָּמוּהַּ, כִּי מֵאַחַר שֶׁמַּשְׁבִּיעִים אוֹתוֹ ״תְּהִי צַדִּיק״, לָמָּה צְרִיכִים לְהַשְׁבִּיעוֹ עוֹד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה רָשָׁע?

Now we can understand the redundancy of the oath, “Be righteous (tzaddik) and be not wicked,” which is unintelligible at first glance: Since he is warned, “Be righteous!” where is the need to put him on oath again that he shall not be wicked?

אֶלָּא, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁאֵין כָּל אָדָם זוֹכֶה לִהְיוֹת צַדִּיק, וְאֵין לָאָדָם מִשְׁפַּט הַבְּחִירָה בָּזֶה כָּל כָּךְ, לְהִתְעַנֵּג עַל ה׳ בֶּאֱמֶת, וְשֶׁיִּהְיֶה הָרָע מָאוּס מַמָּשׁ בֶּאֱמֶת, וְלָכֵן מַשְׁבִּיעִים שֵׁנִית ״אַל תְּהִי רָשָׁע״ עַל כָּל פָּנִים, שֶׁבָּזֶה – מִשְׁפַּט הַבְּחִירָה וְהָרְשׁוּת נְתוּנָה לְכָל אָדָם לִמְשׁוֹל בְּרוּחַ תַּאֲוָתוֹ שֶׁבְּלִבּוֹ וְלִכְבּוֹשׁ יִצְרוֹ, שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה רָשָׁע אֲפִילוּ שָׁעָה אַחַת כָּל יָמָיו, בֵּין בִּבְחִינַת ״סוּר מֵרָע״, בֵּין בִּבְחִינַת ״וַעֲשֵׂה טוֹב״, – וְ״אֵין טוֹב אֶלָּא תוֹרָה״, דְּהַיְינוּ תַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה שֶׁכְּנֶגֶד כּוּלָּן.

The answer is that inasmuch as not everyone is privileged to become a tzaddik, nor has a person the full advantage of choice in this matter to experience true delight in G–d and to actually and truly abhor evil; he is consequently adjured a second time, “You shall,” at any rate, “not be wicked!” Here the right of choice and freedom is extended to every person, to check the drive of his heart’s desire and to conquer his nature, so that he shall not be wicked even for a moment throughout his life, whether in the realm of “turn away from evil” or in that of “do good,” there being no “good” other than Torah, 5a. that is, the “study of the Torah which balances them all.”

אַךְ אַף־עַל־פִּי־כֵן, צָרִיךְ לִקְבּוֹעַ לוֹ עִתִּים גַּם כֵּן לָשִׁית עֵצוֹת בְּנַפְשׁוֹ לִהְיוֹת מוֹאֵס בְּרָע, כְּגוֹן, בַּעֲצַת חֲכָמֵינוּ־זִכְרוֹנָם־לִבְרָכָה: ״אִשָּׁה – חֵמֶת מְלֵאָה צוֹאָה כוּ׳״, וּכְהַאי גַּוְונָא, וְכֵן כָּל מִינֵי מַטְעַמִּים וּמַעֲדַנִּים נַעֲשִׂים כָּךְ: חֵמֶת מָלֵא כוּ׳; וְכֵן כָּל תַּעֲנוּגֵי עוֹלָם הַזֶּה, הֶחָכָם רוֹאֶה הַנּוֹלָד מֵהֶן, שֶׁסּוֹפָן לִרְקוֹב וְלִהְיוֹת רִמָּה וְאַשְׁפָּה.

Nevertheless, a person must set aside specific periods in which to commune with his soul in order to cultivate the abhorrence of evil, as, for example, reminding himself of the admonition of our Sages 152a. that “a woman is a vessel full of filth…,” and in like manner. So, too, all dainties and delicacies turn into a “vessel full of filth.” Likewise in regard to all pleasures of this world, the wise man foresees what becomes of them, for in the end they rot and become worms and dung.

וְהַהֵפֶךְ, לְהִתְעַנֵּג וְלִשְׂמוֹחַ בַּה׳ – עַל יְדֵי הִתְבּוֹנְנוּת בִּגְדוּלַּת אֵין־סוֹף בָּרוּךְ־הוּא כְּפִי יְכוֹלְתּוֹ, אַף שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ בְּנַפְשׁוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יַגִּיעַ לְמַדְרֵגָה זוֹ בֶּאֱמֶת לַאֲמִיתּוֹ – כִּי אִם בְּדִמְיוֹנוֹת – אַף־עַל־פִּי־כֵן, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ, לְקַיֵּים אֶת הַשְּׁבוּעָה שֶׁמַּשְׁבִּיעִים ״תְּהִי צַדִּיק״, וַה׳ יַעֲשֶׂה הַטּוֹב בְּעֵינָיו.

Conversely, [let him] delight and rejoice in G–d by reflection on the greatness of the En Sof, blessed is He, to the best of his capacity. He may well realize that he cannot attain to this degree with a full measure of truth except in illusion; nevertheless he should do his part in an effort to uphold the oath administered to him, “Be righteous,” and G–d will do as He sees fit.

וְעוֹד, שֶׁהַהֶרְגֵּל עַל כָּל דָּבָר – שִׁלְטוֹן, וְנַעֲשֶׂה טֶבַע שֵׁנִי, וּכְשֶׁיַּרְגִּיל לְמָאֵס אֶת הָרָע – יִהְיֶה נִמְאָס קְצָת בֶּאֱמֶת, וּכְשֶׁיַּרְגִּיל לְשַׂמֵּחַ נַפְשוֹ בַּה׳ עַל יְדֵי הִתְבּוֹנְנוּת בִּגְדוּלַּת ה׳, הֲרֵי בְּאִתְעָרוּתָא דִלְתַתָּא אִתְעָרוּתָא דִלְעֵילָּא, וְכוּלֵּי הַאי וְאוּלַי יֵעָרֶה עָלָיו רוּחַ מִמָּרוֹם, וְיִזְכֶּה לִבְחִינַת רוּחַ מִשֹּׁרֶשׁ אֵיזֶה צַדִּיק שֶׁתִּתְעַבֵּר בּוֹ – לַעֲבוֹד ה׳ בְּשִׂמְחָה אֲמִיתִּית, כְּדִכְתִיב: ״שִׂמְחוּ צַדִּיקִים בַּה׳״, וְתִתְקַיֵּים בּוֹ בֶּאֱמֶת הַשְּׁבוּעָה שֶׁמַּשְׁבִּיעִים: ״תְּהִי צַדִּיק״:

Furthermore, habitude reigns supreme in any sphere and becomes second nature. Therefore if he accustoms himself to despise evil, it will to some extent become despicable in truth; similarly, when he accustoms himself to gladden his heart in G–d, through reflection on His greatness—for self-impulsion induces heavenly inspiration. II:135b. With all that, perhaps a spirit from above will descend upon him, and he will merit something of the spirit (ruach) that is rooted in some tzaddik that will attach itself to him, so that he may serve G–d with true joy, as is written, “Rejoice, in the L–rd, you righteous.” Then will in truth be fulfilled in him the avowed oath: “Be righteous.”